P O L Y Z O A 



163 



Paludicella, as we have seen, develops both ova and 

 spermatozoa in one and the same polypide. The details 

 of impregnation and development have not been followed 

 in this instance, but in some of the marine Eupolyzoa 

 (Gymnolaema) remarkable bud-like structures termed ooecia 

 are developed for the special reception of the ova, and in 

 these organs fertilization takes place. In the Entoprocta 

 there is a peculiar brood pouch. The spermatozoa of one 

 polypide probably in all cases fertilize the ova of another, 

 but we have not yet in many cases a knowledge of how 

 the spermatozoa get to the eggs, or how the eggs escape 

 from the body-cavity of the parent. In the hippocrepian 

 freshwater Polyzoa (Phylactolsema) the ova appear to be 

 fertilized and undergo the early stages of development 

 within the body-cavity of the parent or in a hernia-like 

 protrusion of it. Probably in such cases the embryos 

 escape by the death of the parent and rupture of the 

 parental tissues, as do also the peculiar asexual internal 

 buds or statoblasts of these forms. 



The embryo Polyzoon or "larva" swims freely in its 

 early condition by means of cilia, and is in this condition 

 a single polypide or "person." The forms assumed by 

 these ciliated larvae in different Polyzoa are very various 

 and exceedingly difficult of interpretation. We shall have 

 more to say with regard to them below (see figs. 19, 20, 

 21). The ciliated larva then fixes itself and commences 

 to produce polypides by a process of budding, the buds 

 remaining not merely in contact but in organic continuity, 

 and increasing continually in number so as to form a large 

 colony or zoarium. In Paludicella we have seen that this 

 colony has a simple tree-like form. The new buds form 

 as wart-like growths, usually one, sometimes two in number, 

 at the free end of a cell or zooecium near the spout-like 

 process from which the tentacular crown is everted. In 

 Paludicella all the polypides of a colony are alike ; there 

 is no differentiation of form or distribution of function 

 amongst the members of the colony. In many Eupolyzoa 

 this simplicity is by no means maintained, but a great 

 variety of form and function is assumed by various 

 members of the aggregate. The only approach to a 

 differentiation of the polypides in Paludicella is in the 

 arrest of growth of some of the buds of a colony in 

 autumn, which, instead of advancing to maturity, become 

 conical and invested with a dark-coloured cuticle. They 

 are termed hybernacula. Should the rest of the poly- 

 pides die down in winter, these arrested buds survive 

 and go on to complete development on the return of 

 spring. 



In Paludicella we have thus seen a -fairly simple and 

 central example of Polyzoon structure and life-history. 

 The variations upon this theme presented in different 

 groups of Polyzoa have been to some small extent noted 

 in the preceding account, but we shall now be able to 

 indicate them more precisely by considering the various 

 groups of Polyzoa in succession. The limit assigned to 

 this article necessitates very large omissions. The reader 

 who wishes to have the fullest information on the many 

 difficult and uncertain matters connected with this subject 

 is referred to AUman, Freshwater Polyzoa (Ray Society, 

 1856) ; Hincks, British Marine Polyzoa (Van Voorst, 

 1880) ; Haddon, " Budding in Polyzoa," Quart. Joum. 

 Micr. Sci., 1883 ; Balfour, EmTyryology, vol. i. p. 242 ; and 

 the original memoirs cited by these writers. 



THE VERMIFORMIA. 



The first section of the Polyzoa comprises but a single 

 genus, Phoronis. It differs from all other Polyzoa first 

 in its greater size (species 2 inches long are known) 

 and elaboration of organization, and correlatively with 

 that in the fact that it does not produce buds. Further, 



it does not produce a closely adherent cuticular zooecium 

 as do Paludicella and the Eupolyzoa generally, bat a 

 leathery tube in ' 



which the animal 

 freely moves, resem- 

 bling that of some 

 Chsetopods (Sabel- 

 la). Like some 

 Sabelte, Phoronis 

 forms closely packed 

 aggregates of indi- 

 viduals not brought 

 together by any 

 process of budding, 

 but each separately 

 developed from an 

 egg. Phoronis has 

 an elongate, worm- 

 like, unsegmented 

 body, with a conical 

 posterior termina- 

 tion (like Sipuncu- 

 lus), and anteriorly 

 provided with a 

 horse - shoe - shaped 

 crown of tentacles 

 surrounding the 

 mouth (figs. 4, 5). 

 There is an inter- 

 tentacular " web " 

 between the bases 

 of the tentacles as 

 in the Phylactote- 

 ma. Caldwell (6) 

 has recently shown 

 that the tentacles 

 are supported by a 



mesoblastic skele- *"'".■ 4-— ■?*<"'?«*» hipgocrepla, Wright; magnified 



ton, as is also the 

 case in Ehabdo- 

 pleura, but appar- 

 ently not the case 

 in any other Polyzoa. Close to the mouth, as in all 

 Polyzoa, is placed the anus, outside the horse-shoe-shaped 

 lophophore or tenta- 

 cular platform (fig. 

 11, i). The tenta- 

 cular crown is not 

 introversible ; in this 

 point Phoronis differs 

 from Paludicella and 

 the Ectoproctous Eu- 

 polyzoa, and agrees a, 

 with the Entoprocta 

 and the Pterobranchia. 

 Overhanging the 



mouth is a small prse- 

 oral lobe or " epi- 

 stome " (figs. 4, 6, c). 

 This organ is aborted 

 in Paludicella, and in- 

 deed in all the Gym- 

 nolagma, but is present 

 in the other Polyzoa, 



„«^ ,'n «„„„„;n11„ 1».».„ FIG. 5. — Lateral view of the anterior region of 

 ana is especially large phoronis. The tentacles of tlie right arm of the 

 and well developed in lophophore ai-e cut short in order to expose clearly 

 -JJ-, -111 J /^ the mouth & and the overhanging "epiatome" 



Knabaopieura and (Je- or pr(E-oral lobe c. e, intestine ; A, dorsal vessel. 

 phalodiscUS. It has other letters as in ag. 4. 



been compared to the MoUuscan foot, but undoubtedly in 

 Phoronis it is the persistent representative of the prae-oral 



six times linear (from Allman). o, horse-slioe- 

 shaped lophophore with tentacles ; c, epistome 

 (prse-oral lobe or prostomium); d, oesophagus; /, 

 venti'al vessel; g^ g, two anterior vessels which 

 unite to form /; i, longitudinal muscular coat 

 of the body-wall ; k, intertentacular membrane. 



