OF NEW ENGLAND. 167 
They (or at least our species) are characterized as follows. 
Bill, for the most part, not twice as long as high, but stout, 
more or less conical, with the mandibles generally meeting at 
their tips; commissure usually with a more or less evident 
angle ; bristles often wanting ; tarsi scutellate ; primaries nine. 
They may be divided into three groups: (Gen. I-VI and 
VII?) Wings long; feet not strong; sexes generally unlike ; 
males brightly colored. ‘Birds of rather boreal’ distribution, 
of comparatively strong flight, and largely arboreal (except 
in genus VII). (Gen. VII?-XVIII.) Birds chiefly terrestrial ; 
also plainly colored, and sexes generally alike; commissure 
frequently with the angle feebly marked. (Gen. XWIII?- 
XXII.) Birds chiefly arboreal, and handsomely or bril- 
liantly colored; sexes ‘unlike. Distribution rather southern. 
Bill stout, somewhat curved above ; angle well marked. (Gen. 
XXIV, XXV, are placed at the end, because not properly 
parts of our fauna.) (Figs. 8,9, 10.) Possibly the starlings 
should be united with the finches, and ranked as a subfamily. 
(See § 17.) ms 
The following genera require special notice :— 
Curvirostra. Bill, with the mandibles crossed (pl. 1, fig. 16). 
Pinicola. Bill stout, hooked, and with curved outlines. 
Chrysomitris and giothus. Bill conical, and pointed. Up- 
per mandible often growing beyond the lower, as sometimes 
seen in other finches and blackbirds (pl. 1, fig. 12). 
Plectrophanes. Hind-claw very long (pl. 1, fig.17). In sub- 
genus Centrophanes (including Lapponicus but not nivalis) 
hind-claw straightish ; bill unruffed. 
Ammodromus. Bill comparatively slender. Tail-feathers 
narrow and pointed. (PI. 1, figs. 14, 15.) 
Coturniculus closely related. 
Passerella. Birds partially rasorial, as also in certain allied 
species. 
Hydemeles. Bill deep, stout, and bristled; upper outline 
much curved, commissure strongly angulated (pl. 1, fig. 13). 
The details of structure vary with every group or genus, but 
the finches in general are easily recognized by their coloring. 
