APPENDIX. 441 
the young Mourning Warblers (Geothlypis Philadelphia), who 
have no gray(?) or black, though recognizable from their 
shape and proportions, unless confused with: the ‘ Yellow- 
throats.” , : 
Tanagride or tanagers (§ 10). Class first. 
Ampelidee or waxwings (§ 11). The young of these fami- 
Hirundinide or swallows (§ 12). ( lies are recognizable from 
Vireonide or vireos (§ 18). their likeness to their pa- 
Laniidee or shrikes (§ 14). rents. 
Fringillide or finches (§ 15). The young Pine Finch (Chry- 
somitris pinus) often resembles the young ‘“ Red-polls” (gi- 
otht), but these species, unless very young, show respectively 
more or less yellow or carmine. Our sparrows are separable 
into two groups, with the wings decidedly longer than the tail 
(genera Ammodromus, Coturniculus, Passerculus, and Pooe- 
cetes), and with the wing equal to or shorter than the tail 
(genera Melospiza, Spizella, and Zonotrichia). The young Yel- 
low-winged Sparrow (C. passerinus) is: spotted, but never 
streaked, beneath. In the second group, the Spizelle are char- 
acterized by their forked tails. , The young of pusilla may be 
told from that of socialis by the reddish bill, and (faint) streaks 
on the crown, instead of on the rump (?). Young monticola 
has the “breast, throat, and crown, streaked.” Young Melo- 
spiza palustris (or Swamp Sparrow) is also streaked beneath. 
Other young finches are more easily recognized. In the Tow- 
hee Bunting (Pipilo erythropthalmus). ‘very young birds are 
streaked brown and dusky above, below whitish tinged with 
brown and streaked with dusky ; but this plumage, correspond- 
ing-to the very early speckled condition of thrushes and war- 
blers, is of brief duration; sexual distinctions may be noted 
in birds just from the nest, and they rapidly become much like‘ 
the adults.” (Coues.) 
Alaudide or larks (§ 16). Young easily recognized. 
Icteridee or starlings (§ 17). Young like the females, but, in 
the Cow-bird, streaked. 
Corvide, or crows and jays (§ 18). Class third(?). In 
the Canada Jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), the young are said to 
be quite distinct, being much darker, duller, and browner. 
Tyrannide or flycatchers (§ 19). In many species, the young 
‘have rufous or ochrey edgings, especially on the wings. 
The young of all our picarian birds (§ § 20-25) are easily 
identified, except those of certain woodpeckers (Picide, § 25). 
In our species of Picus, ‘‘ young with the crown mostly red or 
bronzy, or even yellowish.” (Coues.) Young Sphyrapici have 
