480 ON THE RELATIONS OF MAN WITH THE LOWER ANIMALS 
The “ Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Neder- 
landsche overseesche Bezittingen,’ pp. 39-44, contains a valuable 
memotr,' by Dr. Sandifort, on the anatomy of the orang, in which, at 
p. 30, I find the following distinct statement :—- 
“The base of the brain is divided into three lobes (lobi), of which 
the most anterior is short ; the middle one descends remarkably below 
the foremost and hindmost; while the hindermost not only covers 
the cerebellum, but extends still further backwards than it. In 
vertical sections of the skulls of full-grown specimens, the bony frame- 
work showed that such is always the case, so the cerebral lobes appear 
to extend more backward over the cerebellum as age advances. In 
the brain investigated by Tiedemann, which belonged to a young 
orang, the cerebral lobes covered the cerebellum, but did not extend 
further back than it.” ; 
Vrolik, in the valuable article, “ Quadrumana,” contributed by him 
to “ Todd’s Cyclopedia” (1847), expressly affirms (p. 207), that, in the 
orang, the cerebral hemispheres “are protracted behind the cere- 
bellum.” And M. Isidore Geoffroy S. Hilaire (‘“Secénde Mémoire sur 
les Singes Americanes,” Archives du Muséum, 1844) draws particular 
attention to the fact, that in the Saimiri, Chrysothrix (Saimirts, I. G. 
St. H.) wstus,a platyrhine monkey, and therefore far more distant 
from man than the tailless catarrhine apes of the old world, the 
cerebral hemispheres project far back beyond the cerebellum, though 
the latter is very well developed—in fact, as the cerebral hemispheres 
project nearly a centimetre behind the cerebellum, while the whole 
brain is only 54 centimetres long, the backward projection of the third 
lobe is, in this monkey, relatively greater than in man. 
The “ Transactions of the Royal Netherlands Institute at Amster- 
dam for 1849” contain one of the most valuable memoirs on the cerebral 
organization of the higher apes that has yet been written, entitled, “ An 
Anatomical Investigation of the Brain of the Chimpanzee,” by Schrceder 
van der Kolk and Vrolik. In their two plates they represent the brains 
of a chimpanzee, an orang, and a new-born child, and, in all, the letter 
cis applied to the same part—the posterior or third lobe, which they 
term “achterhoofds-kwab,” “occipital lobe,” in the explanation of the 
plates, or frequently in the text, “ achter-kwab,” “posterior lobe” ; nor 
among the heads of their careful enumeration of the differences between 
the brain of man and the higher apes does any one of the three differ- 
ential characters whose existence I have denied find a place. 
Finally, in the preface to the most elaborate special memoir that 
1« Ontleedkundige Veschouwing van een Volwassen Orang oetan (Sema satyrus, Linn.), 
van het Mannelijk Geslacht.” 
