ON THE RELATIONS OF MAN WITH THE LOWER ANIMALS 489 
the width of the frontal lobe, whose anterior extremity, instead of 
narrowing to an acute point, is terminated by a surface whose extent 
corresponds to that of the frontal bone; the large angle which the two 
orbital fosse form, the depression of the fissure of Sylvius, the richness 
and complications of the secondary convolutions, at once distinguish 
this brain from that of all the Primates. But these differences, great 
and characteristic as they may be, yet consist with the existence of 
such analogies between the brain of man and that of apes, that the 
same general description serves both equally well. There are the same 
principal divisions, the same lobes, the same convolutions; all the 
parts are not the same, but they are homologous.”—L. c., pp. 57, 58. 
M. Gratiolet then goes on to point out what the differences of these 
homologous parts are; but I cannot give them in detail here, without 
entering upon a full explanation of his terminology, which would occupy 
too much space. 
There is no lack, then, of real differences enough between the brain 
of man and those of the highest Quadrumana, though they are not those 
which have been asserted toexist. The question, what is the value of 
these differences? could only be satisfactorily answered, if the extent 
of variation exhibited by the brain among the different races of man- 
kind had been carefully determined. We are greatly in want of know- 
ledge on this important subject ; but what little is known tends distinctly 
to the conviction, that no very great value can be set upon these dis- 
tinctions, inasmuch as the differences between the brains of the highest 
races and those of the lowest, though less in degree, are of the same 
order as those which separate the human from the simian brain. I am 
well aware that it is the fashion to say that the brains of all races of 
mankind are alike ; but in this, as in other cases, fashion is not quite 
at one with fact. 
Scemmering and Tiedemann are directly at variance with respect to 
the relative proportions of the size of the nerves to the brain in the 
higher and in the lower races of mankind ; and, as respects the relative 
proportions of the cerebrum and cerebellum, the ratios deducible from 
Tiedemann’s measurements give so small a difference, that though it is 
rather in favour of the existence of a larger proportional size of the cere- 
bellum in the lower races, I do not think it can be depended upon. 
But, with regard to the third especially Simian cerebral character 
mentioned above, Tiedemann’s observations (though, as the negro’s 
advocate, he endeavours to explain them away) are definite, and to 
the point :— 
“The only similarity between the brain of the negro and that of 
the orang outang is, that the gyri and sulci on both hemispheres are 
