136 CRABS AND INSECTS. 
wings is pressed against the limb, forming the stem and 
completing the deception. 
Note.—A butterfly observed by Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, 
when pursued by birds, imitated the flight of a poisonous butterfly so 
effectually that the pursuers gave up the chase. Kallima Hugeli, of 
India, when not in flight, mimics dry oak-leaves, and can hardly be dis- 
tinguished from a dead leaf. The Indian butterfly Me/anitis mimics 
various species of fungi, utterly disappearing from sight when it alights 
a few feet away among the dry spikes of pine-leaves, etc.; while in the 
Indian Kallima machis no two species are alike, all resembling dead 
leaves, even the minute fungi growing upon them being imitated in 
various ways. 
Works on Butterflies and Moths for further reference. 
“ List of Butterflies of North America,” H. S, Scudder, ‘ Buffalo 
Academy of Science,” vol. viii; “North American Silk-Worms,” L. 
Trouvelot, ‘‘ American Naturalist,” vol. i; ‘ Silk-Worms and Silk- 
Culture,” in ‘‘ Popular Science Monthly,” vol. iii; ‘‘ Monograph of the 
Geometrid Moths of North America,” A. S. Packard, Jr., “ Memoir of 
Hayden’s Survey,” vol. x; “ List of Noctuidae of North America,” A. 
R. Grote, ‘‘ Bulletin of the Buffalo Academy of Natural Science,” vol. 
ii, 1874. 
Order VIII. Membrane-Winged Insects (Ayme- 
noptera).— General Characteristics—Insects having trans- 
parent wings with few veins. The mouth-parts adapted 
for lapping, biting, or cutting. The females of some have 
a sting or piercer. Metamorphosis cornplete. 
Horn-Tails (Uvroceridz).—The males have a long 
horn on the abdomen. The saw of the female is attached 
: to the middle of the abdomen, extending 
far beyond it. fe 
== Gall-Flies (Cyxipidz)—To these in- 
a sects (Fig. 171) are due most of the ex- 
Fic. 171.— crescences called galls, found upon oaks 
Gall-fly. and other plants. They have short, broad 
heads, the thorax oval and thick, the ab- 
domen compressed and attached to the thorax by a short, 
delicate peduncle. The females puncture a leaf or branch 
