ve 
368 BACKBONED ANIMALS. 
ers. Thus, the form of the skull differs greatly, even 
among individuals. The Australians and Africans are 
prognathous, or forward-jawed, while the Europeans are 
orthognathous, or upright-jawed. When the skull is high 
and narrow, they are said to be dolichocephalic, or “long- 
headed.” Others are termed drachycephalic, or “ short- 
headed,” while a medium is called mesocephadic, or middle- 
headed. 
Early Man.—Man was contemporaneous with the 
cave-bear, the mammoth, and other huge animals that 
lived during the Post-tertiary period. Fossil remains and 
implements have been found in Quaternary deposits. The 
oldest remains found in America, on the authority of Pro- 
fessor Whitney, is a human cranium taken from a shaft 
one hundred and fifty feet deep in Calaveras County, Cali- 
fornia. It was imbedded in the gold-drift, and covered 
with five successive overflows of lava. Another fragment 
of a human skull was found imbedded one hundred and 
eighty feet below Table Mountain, associated with bones 
of the mastodon. According to Professor Whitney, these 
finds date to the Pliocene time of geology, a time prior to 
the volcanic eruptions that spread their lava over a large 
portion of the State. 
Specimens for Study —The suggestions for the prepara- 
tion of skeletons, on page 291, may be applied to mam- 
mals also, 
Works on Man for further reference. 
“ Hand-Book of Human and Comparative Histology,” S. Stricker ; 
“ Human Physiology,” J. C. Dalton ; ‘‘ Elementary Lessons in Physi- 
ology,” Huxley ; ‘‘ Natural History of Man,” Von J. F. Blumenbach ; 
Lyell’s “ Antiquity of Man"; F. Cushing, “ My Adventures in Zuiti,” 
in the “Century,” February, 1883; ‘‘ The Human Body,” Martin ; 
* Anthropelogy,” Tylor; “The Essentials of Anatomy, Physiology, 
and Hygiene,” R. S. Tracy. 
