XII. AUSTRALIAN RECOMMENDATIONS. 
96. A natural market value, rather than an artificial royalty, should be 
adopted as the basis of timber sale. The uniform royalty expedient must go. 
97. Stumpage values must be based on market prices, less the cost of 
cutting, extraction, and transport to the market. 
98. The Forest Service, however, should fix minimum selling prices for 
each forest, which represent the point at which it is believed to be a wise 
public policy to withhold timber from sale rather than sell it at the market 
value then obtainable. There are cases, however, where it would pay better 
to give trees away rather than leave them to cumber ihe forest, and the Forest 
Service should not hamper its management by the prescription by Regulation 
of high State minimums. Upsets for each sale provide adequate safeguards. 
Maximums depend upon imports and tariffs. 
99. Direct government exploitation may be reached through development 
of the methods of stumpage appraisals. 
100. The destructive systems of competitive exploitation occasioned by the 
indiscriminate granting of licenses for the same area must be abolished if 
silvicultural success, or even ordinary business system, is to be achieved. 
101. Every operator should be confined to a definite timber lot, for the 
operations on which he should be held responsible. He should be required to 
work in accordance with the terms of an agreement drawn up by the managing 
forester. , 
102. The agreement should specify a maximum quantity for the period 
and a minimum per month. Its conditions should provide for conservative 
timber-getting and necessary silvicultural measures. 
103. The term should be short, generally not exceeding one year. The 
quantities should be based, generally, upon what a single operator can extract 
in the time. The sale of the agreement should be at public competition, after 
due advertisement. Upset prices per 100 square feet should be fixed accurately 
on natural market values, less the cost of cutting, snigging, and hauling. 
104. Sales for each forest should be yearly or half-yearly, and should be 
limited to the prescribed yield for the area. 
105. A reasonable operating life for established plants may best be 
guaranteed by such short-term sales up to the limits of the maximum periodic 
cut. Unrestricted sales at low prices tend to produce a host of small, 
temporary plants on the “ boom and bust” principle. 
(4.) Working Plans. 
Working plans are nothing more than orderly records of informa- 
tion, and the deduced ideas of the manager with regard to the future 
working of the forest. 
Working plans develop as the organisation grows. 
The confusion of thought which exists with regard to working 
plans is due to the fact that our only model—the European form— 
too often reflects the complexity of the organisation of which it is 
the instrument. 
In the American experiment, the attempt was made to apply to 
the management of the primaeval forest the working plan of the 
gardened one. 
Organisation and working plans started off at opposite poles. 
Time has elaborated the former and simplified the latter until 
both are now practically co-incident and co-ordinate. 
