1877.] ORIGIN OF THE WILL. 439 
fully defined in the following pages. The process of intellection in 
unconsciousness is called unconscious cerebration. 
Actions of the second great class, the altruistic, demand for 
their performance the attributes necessary for the highest of the 
appetent class. They require intelligence enough for the percep- 
tion of what is the pleasure of the object, and self-consciousness, 
to know that that pleasure is inconsistent with its own, or subjec- 
tive pleasure. 
The arrangement may be summarized as follows :— 
I. Appetent class. 
‘ nconscious (reflex). 
1. Anaesthetic. U : ( ) 
Conscious, 
| Unconscious (reflex). 
2. Rational. Conscious. 
Self-conscious. 
II. Altruistic class; rational and self-conscious. 
Under the definition of will above given, it cannot be present in 
unconscious or reflex actions, and the inquiry is limited to the 
conscious groups exclusively. It may then be well to add a few 
words on the nature of consciousness. 
This faculty is here understood in its broadest sense, namely, 
subjective perception. The term consciousness expresses the 
knowledge by the subject of the effects of stimuli on itself, which 
ranges all the way from the mere sense of contact, to the sense of 
an idea. An unprejudiced scrutiny of the nature of conscious- 
ness, no matter how limited that scrutiny necessarily is, shows that 
it is qualitatively comparable to nothing else. The attempts to 
correlate it with the physical forces have so far been utter failures, 
although the vital forces, to which it gives direction, are evidently 
not excluded from the laws of quality and quantity. The com- 
mon hypothesis that consciousness is the product of evolution, 
appears to the writer, in view of this primary fact, to be irrational ; 
while the converse, that evolution is a product of consciousness, 
is far more likely to receive ultimate demonstration. From this 
stand-point it is looked upon as a state of matter, which is 
coéternal with it, but not coéxtensive. Itself in its totality a 
reservoir of force, it is the source of all physical and vital forces, 
with which it has therefore an equivalency of quantities, but 
not of qualities. The cause of the difference between conscious 
and unconscious force must be secondarily due to different condi- 
