1877.] ORIGIN OF THE WILL. 443 
their subjects. As the reminiscence is less distinct than the origi- 
nal impression, so there comes to be, as pointed out by Spencer, a 
faint order of pleasures and pains, which, with the indifferent class, 
form the material of the processes of reason. These mental states 
of pleasurable and painful consciousness, constitute that primary 
division of the mind, the feelings or affections, as distinguished 
from the intellect. 
The feelings co-exist with intellectual operations of all grades of 
complication, since pleasures and pains are states which follow all 
kinds of activities, and therefore reminiscences. To seek pleasure 
and to avoid pain constitutes the business of the lives of all con- 
scious organisms ; and hence the feelings, as derived from experi- 
ences, are the directive and often originative conditions of move- 
ments or actions. In animals with higher intellectual powers, the 
general classification of experiences of given objects or actions 
results in a higher order of the mental feelings, which are called 
likes and dislikes. When these forms of consciousness assume 
an intense condition due to stimuli, they become emotions or 
passions. 
These details are entered into in order to show that the feelings 
in their various grades are the motives of action in all animals, 
from the Amoeba to man. In the former they are mere reminis- 
cences; in the latter, they are so generalized as to become endur- 
ing principles of action, which put the intellect to every conceiva- 
ble labor. And it is evident from this foundation fact, how the 
intellect itself has been constructed. The activity stimulated by 
the feelings has resulted in new experiences, and the accumulation 
and elaboration of these into new combinations of the faint’ type 
of consciousness, has been the law of their development. This 
we can observe in the education of one generation of living ani- 
mals, and it has doubtless been the law of the generations of the 
past as well. We may then review the probable method of devel- 
opment of mind through the ages of past time. 
IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIND. 
In the first place, it is evident that the evolution of mind has 
been due to the activity of animal life. Although not asserted, it 
is sometimes implied that “circumstances,” in which the animal is 
passive, have been the efficient cause of mental development. 
That this could have been the case is inherently impossible, and 
