446 THE PENN MONTHLY. [June, 
which directs later actions. In the lowest animal the first move- 
ment was doubtless a mere discharge of force; but the first de- 
signed action, the appropriation of food, was due to a sense of want 
or hunger, which is a form of pain. This was followed by gratifi- 
cation, a pleasure, the memory of which constituted a motive for 
a more evidently designed act, viz.: pursuit. 
These two mental states, the one painful, the other pleasurable, 
form the basis in the feelings of all appetent acts. The painful 
sense of want is the motive to the performance of the primary class 
of actions, and the experience of pleasurable gratification furnishes 
the motive for a class which must be regarded as secondary. 
The primary organized feelings of animals are not numerous. 
In man, the most highly developed, Professor Bain enumerates! 
only eleven types, and some of these he states may be further re- 
solved. From the stand-point of the evolutionist this is evidently 
necessary, and a corresponding reduction in number can be made. 
The development of the feelings has proceeded from the early be- 
ginnings above described, in subsequent ages, par? passu with that 
of the intellect. It is necessary in the nature of things that it 
should be so, since the finer and fuller the sensibility to pleasures 
and pains in all directions, the greater will be the complexity of 
experience, and hence of intelligence. It is not practicable to 
trace the history of the feelings here, but I allude briefly to one 
class of them—the social affections—as they have been treated by 
Herbert Spencer, whose contributions to this department of knowl- 
edge have been very important. 
This author maintains that the social affections are the product, 
in the department of mind, of the function of reproduction. They 
are the organized products of experiences of pleasures derived from 
fellow beings, just as other kinds of likes and dislikes are derived 
from experiences of the qualities of various objects. It is suffi- 
ciently evident that this faculty must survive, and the social instincts 
become more and more refined or specialized. It is a remarkable 
fact in the successional relations, and hence evolution, of the verte- 
érata, that the only system that has accompanied the nervous in its 
progress from generalization to specialization and perfection, is the 
reproductive. Man, standing at the head of the series by his de- 
veloped brain, possesses also the most specialized reproductive sys- 
tem. He is inferior to many other Mammalha in his osseous and 
The Emotions and the Will, p. 36. 
