1877.] ORIGIN OF THE WILL. 447 
muscular type, and in his digestive organs, including dentition, 
etc., but the orders which are his superiors in these respects yield 
to him the supremacy in the two systems mentioned. 
Functionally the two systems oppose each other, and that exer- 
cise of the one is at the expense of the other is a physiological 
law. Health of the individual, and persistence of the species, de- 
pend on the maintenance of the equilibrium between them. This 
is because success in obtaining food on the one hand depends on - 
intelligence, and undue power cannot be expended in other direc- 
tions without starvation. Thus the law of evolution lends full sup- 
port to the doctrine first formulated by Kant, of the dual nature of 
the human mind, in its division into the intellect and the affections. 
(4) IN THE INTELLIGENCE. 
The intellect includes a record of experiences of resemblances 
and differences, of causes and effects, arranged in orders of place, 
time, and of qualities ofall kinds. The importance of an intellect 
depends on the number of experiences it contains; on the clear- 
ness with which qualities can be brought into consciousness; on 
the correctness with which the classification expresses the quali- 
‘ties; on the relation which the qualities preferred bear to an ob- 
ject of pursuit; and on the rapidity with which any or all of these 
functions may be performed. The triumph of reason is foresight 
or predication, in which it brings into consciousness the unknown, 
by reproducing its experiences of the known, This is the service 
rendered by education, by the acquisition either of experiences 
themselves, or of the experiences of others. 
Acquisitions then do not imply a predication of the unknown 
from the known, but an actual addition to the stock of the known. 
The automatic life above described includes no such process, but 
is a routine varying only in unimportant details, and changing in 
no great feature. Progress evidently depends on something be- 
sides knowledge, for in proportion to the degree of progress is 
the departure from the known, and in proportion to the novelty 
of a situation is experience worthless as a guide. 
Designed actions which are performed without a basis of knowl- 
edge which is sufficient for predication, are not automatic. That 
is, while the activity may be physically spontaneous and compul- 
sory, the direction it takes and the mode of its execution cannot 
be automatic, unless the machinery which must give the direction, 
and which creates the mode, be already in existence. 
