ILLUSTRATIONa 



Chalazogamlo fertilization in the Alder {Alnus 



glutinosa). Diagrammatic, - - - 413 



Fertilization in Ephedra and Ornithogalum, - 415 

 Embryo-sac of Monotropa, . . - . 417 



Seeds with a Reserve-tissue, .... 422 



Seeds with winged and hairy appendages, - - 423 

 Polar Willow (Salix polaris) with opened fruits 



showing masses of hairy seeds escaping, - 424 

 Seeds with caruncles and hilar scars, - - - 425 

 Branch of Mezereon {Daphne Mezcreum) with 

 berries. Pruiting branch of the Lime (Tilia) 

 with downy hairs investing the nut-like fruits, 426 

 Indehiscent fruits and sohizocarps, - - - 427 



Winged fruits or samaras of the Ash, &c., - - 428 

 Flowering branch of Banksia serrata with thick- 

 walled dehiscent capsules, ... - 429 

 Various capsular fruits, ----- 431 



Achenes provided with a plume or pappus, - 432 



The Hornbeam {Carpinus Betvlus) in fruit, - 433 



Fruits with persistent receptacles, - - - 434 

 Fruits with Cupules: Acorns, - . - * 435 

 Fruits in whose structure the receptacle and pedi- 

 cel take a share: Cashew-nut, - - - 436 

 Collective and aggregate fruits: Betel, Sweet-sop, 



and Sour-sop, ------ 437 



Branch of the Bread-fruit Tree (Artocarpus in- 



cisa), with flowers and fruit, - - - 438 

 The Lotus Lily {Nelumbium speciosum), - • 439 

 Flower of the Lotus Lily {Nelumbium speciosum), 440 

 Fruit and Seed of Coniferae: Silver Fir, Scotch 



Pine, Larch, ------ 441 



Fruits and Seeds of Coniferae: Yew, Arbor Vitffi, 



Juniper, ------- 442 



Coniferous Fruits and Seeds, - - - - 443 



Protection of ripening seeds against animals : 



Anatto, 444 



Protection of ripening seeds against animals : 



Mimosa, Chestnut, &c., - - - - 445 



Protection of seeds against wet, - - - - 448 



Branch of Mangrove Tree {Rhiztyphora Mangle), 



with flowers and fruits, - - - - 451 



Bulbils replacing ilowers and fruits, - - - 455 

 Flowers and fruits replaced by tubers and bud-like 



offshoots, - - - - - - - 460 



Flowers and fruits replaced by bulbils. The 



Coral-root {Deniaria bulhifera), - - - 461 

 The Annual Dog's Mercury {Mercurialis annua), 466 

 Alternation of Generations in Ferns, - - - 472 

 Tree-ferns {Alsophila) in Ceylon, - - - 473 



Rhipidopteris peltata, with sterile and fertile 



fronds, - - - - - - - 474 



Stag's-hom Fern {Platycerium alcicorne), - • 475 

 Alternation of Generations in Mosses, - - 477 



Alternation of Generations in Mosses, - - 479 



Asexual and sexual reproduction in Saprolegni- 



acese, -------- 480 



Asexual and sexual reproduction in the Mucorini, 481 

 Larch trees {Larix europcea), - - - - 483 



Myxomycetous Fungi and their fructification. 

 Magnified Examples of Desmidieas, - 

 Fungus-galls on Juniperus comTJiunis and A ronia 



rotundifolia, ------ 



Various Galls and their effects on plants, - 



A Witches' Broom on the Silver Fir, produced 



by uEcidium^ elatinum, - - - - 



Galls in section and otherwise, - - - - 



Various Galls on Leaves, - - - - - 



Galls on Spruce, Poplar, Oak, &c., 

 Solid Galls on Lime and Celastrus, 

 Various Oak-galls, ------ 



Spirophyton from the Upper Devonian Rocks, 

 Riella helicophyUa growing under water, 

 Myxomycetes or Slime-fungi, - - - - 



Various Examples of Bacteria, . - - - 

 Highly-magnified Examples of Diatoms, 

 Hydrodictyacege, with Zoospores, 

 Ulothrix zonata, with Gametes and Zoospores, 

 Various Examples of Desmids, - - - - 



Spirogyra, ....... 



Structure and reproduction of Chara fragilis, 



Laminariaceae, with perforated fronds, 



Fucus vesiculosus (Bladder-wrack) : female con- 



ceptacle, &c., ------ 



Pucus vesiculos^is: male conceptacle, &c., - 



A branch of the Gulf-weed, Sargassum bacciferum, 



with leaves and air-sacs, - - - - 



ChytridiaceEe and Ancylistaceje, 

 Swarm-spores in Saprolegniaceee and Chy tridiaceae, 

 The False Vine-mildew, Peronospora viticola, 

 Achlya lignicola and its Reproduction, 

 Entomophthore^: Entomophthora and Empusa, - 

 iMucor and its Reproduction, - - - - 



Ascomycetes, ------- 



The Ergot of Rye, Claviceps purpurea. 



Various Ascomycetes, - - - - - 



The Morel and other Discomycetes, - 



Portion of a lamella of an Agaricus with a basi- 



dial layer, ------- 



Basidiomycetes: various species of Fungi, - 

 Gasteromycetes: Puff-ball, Earth-star, &c.. 

 Lichens, -------- 



Gelatinous Lichens, ------ 



Crustaceous Lichen; Lecanora esculenta, 

 Vertical section through an air-chamber of the 



Liverwort Marchantia polyviorplia, 

 .Jungermanniaceae : Scale-mosses, 

 Mosses and their Spore-capsules, &c., - 

 Mosses, with details of structure. 

 Spore -capsules of Mosses, . - - . - 

 Various Ferns, ------- 



Life-history of a Fern, - - . - - 



Hydropterides or Rhizocarps, - - - - 



Equisetacese or Horsetails, - - - . 



Club-moss: Lycopodium annotinuTn, - 

 Lycopodiales, with details of structure, 

 A group of Cycas revoluia, - - - - 



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