THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE PHANEROGAMIC FRUIT. 75 



apy positions within the cup — those immediately at the apex being at the 

 tre — whilst those near the base will be found on the edge of the cup. 

 According as the leaves are inserted spirally or in whorls upon the receptacle, 

 ether they are present in single or double cycles, whether they are fused with 

 1 another or with the receptacle — all these offer almost infinite possibility of 

 iation in form, so manifold, indeed, that their complete description is quite 

 '■ond the limits of the present work. Here the forms described must be 

 ited to a series of more or less typical cases; they are for the most part 

 jcted from well-known and widely -distributed plants readily accessible to 

 T one. 



To avoid repetition the seventeen selected cases are arranged in two groups, of 

 ich the first group includes forms with a conical receptacle, the second such as 

 ^■e a disc-like or excavated receptacle. Each of these groups is further sub- 

 ided, according as the carpels are all of one sort or of two sorts. 



OVARIES ON A CONICAL RECEPTACLE. 

 Carpels all of One Sort. 



(1) The carpels are inserted spirally on the receptacle. Each carpel contains 

 B or several ovules. The receptacle is either much elongated, as in the Mousetail 

 yosv/rus, figs. 207^ and 207*), or conical, as in the Tulip-tree (Liriodendron), or 

 tton-like, as in the Crowfoot (Ranunculus). 



(2) The carpels are inserted in whorls upon the receptacle, their margins are 

 'olded and fused with the prolonged apex of the receptacle. Since they are also 

 )ed with one another below, they collectively form a multilocular ovary. Each 

 •pel bears ovules over its inner surface. As examples may be quoted the Yellow 

 iter-Lily {Nwphar), and the Flowering Rush {Butomus, figs. 210^ and 210^). 



(3) The carpels are inserted in a whorl at the summit of the receptacle and are 

 jed with one another. The receptacle does not project into the ovarian cavity. 

 ch carpel bears ovules either along its margins, as in Mignonette (Reseda, 

 3. 207* and 207*), or on its internal surface, as in the Sundew (Drosera), or 

 sally, as in BionoBa, Drosophyllum, and in Gaylusea (Resedacese). In Reseda the 

 iry is open above. 



Carpels of Two Kinds. 



(4) The carpels arise at the tip of the receptacle in two alternating whorls of two 

 ;h. The two upper carpels are reduced to midribs on which the ovules are borne 

 two rows. A delicate membrane is stretched like a tympanum between these two 

 dribs which form the frame. The two lower carpels are destitute of ovules and 

 ) fixed like valves to the upper pair. This form is met with in numerous modifi- 

 ;ions in the Cruciferse. 



(5) The carpels arise in two whorls at the tip of the receptacle. Those of the 

 rer whorl are destitute of ovules and form the ovary, those of the upper whorl 

 i modified into strings or cushions, and are fused with the inner surface of the 



