DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS. 



871 



i-aminant animals, both wild and tame. In the Transvaal and on the Orange River 

 the spring-boks sometimes tread upon them unawares, and when that happens the 

 sharp claws grasp the hoof and the animal is driven to frenzy by the pain and 

 gallops madly away, but is unable to set itself free from the instrument of torture. 

 It is often several days before the capsule breaks up and falls off. The fruits, which 



I'ig. 477.— Fruits furnished with hooks. 



1 Galium Aparhie. 2 Hooked bristles of the fruit of the same. 3 Hedysarum Caiiadense. * A piece of the lomentum of the 

 same. * Hooked bristles of Hedysarum Canadense. ^ Cynoglossu-m pictum. T Hooked prickles on the fruits of the same. 

 8 Circtjea Lutetiana. 9 Hooked bristles on the fruit of the same, lo Torilis Anthriscus. ii Single fruit of Torilis AnthrUtcus. 

 12 Curved prickles on this fruit. 13 Lappago racemosa. i* Single fruiting spike of the same, is Setarm verticillata. 

 IS Fruit-bearing branchlet with involucral bristles from a spike of Setaria verticillata. i'' Bidens bipinnata. i8 Single 

 fruit of the same, i" Fruit of Caccinia strigosa. 20 Hooked prickles on the fruit of Caccinia strigosa. 2^ 4^ 6^ 7^ 9^ 11^ 12^ 

 14, 16, 18 and 20 magnified. 



are armed with hooked bristles or prickles, are so numerous that even a superficial 

 account of them cannot be undertaken here, and we must content ourselves with 

 mentioning a few of the most remarkable forms. Amongst these are the capsular 

 fruits of Krameria Ixina and Triumfetta PluTnieri (see figs. 478 ^^ and 478 "), the 

 sheathed achenes of several species of Galligonum and Rumex, e.g. Rumex nepalensis 

 (fig. 478^), the pods of many Papilionacese (e.g. Medicago agrestis and M. radiata, 

 Onobrychis cequidentata and Hedysarum Canadense; see figs. 478^ and 478^, and 



