INDEX. 



949 



Food-absorption, by coral-like and tuberous 



oaulomes, i. 114. 



by MildewB, i. 166. 



by water, marsh, &c., plants, i. 76. 



general consideration of, i. 55. 



movements related to, i. 56. 



of Monotropa, i. 253. 



osmosis io, i. 59. 



similarity of, in Moulds, Toad-stoola, 



and Discomycetes, i. 163. 



theory of, i. 57. 



Food-gases, transmission, i. 367. 

 Food-material, gaseons, i. 367. 



ultimate destination, i. 371. 



Food-salts, absorption by water-plants, i. 78. 



absorption of, i. 67. 



accumulation in uppermost layers of 



earth, through action of plants, i. 259. 



application of term, i. 66. 



cause of movement, i. 72. 



conduction, i. 513. 



dilute solutions best, i. 73. 



examples of selection by plants, i. 69. 



in liquid of water- receptacles, i. 242. 



raw, mechanics of movement, i. 269. 



theory of absorption, i. 85. 



transport, i. 366. 



Foot, of Acetabularia, ii. 647. 



— of Liverwort sporophyte, ii. 696. 



— of young Fern sporophyte, ii. 475. 

 Force, due to growth and ice formation, i. 



517. 



— of growing cells, i. 513. 

 Forcing, of plants, i. 564. 

 Foreign pollen and stigma, ii. 404. 

 Forest flowers, characteristics, i. 655. 

 Forests, type of community, ii. 887, 892. 

 Forget-me-nofc. See Myosotis. 

 Fork-mosses, White leaved. See Leucobryum. 

 Form,, in plants, on what it depends, i. 50. 

 Formic acid, i. 463. 



in Nepenthes pitcher, i. 135. 



in stinging haii-s, i. 441. 



— — offensiTe weapon of ants, ii. 233. 

 Formic aldehyde, formation in assimilation, 



i. 456. 

 Formica exsecta, protection of Serratula, ii. 



242. 

 Forsythia viridissima, Japan, reserve-buds, 



ii. 32. 

 Fossil Palms, ii. 742. 



— plants, agents in preservation, ii. 612. 



ancestors of modem plants, ii. 595 



and modem distribution, ii. 2. 



— Mosses, occurrence, ii. 704. 



— Myxomycetes, ii. 619. 



— Vascular Cryptogams, cause of preserva- 



tion, ii. 612. 

 Foasores and Asclepiada, ii. 258. 

 Poster, discoverer of Balanophora fungosa, 



i. 190. 

 Foster-parent, selection of, by OrobancheBe, 



i. 185. 

 Foster-root, of liophophytum, i. 194. 

 Foster-soil, on trees, i. 106. 

 Fourcroya, ii. 734. 



— cohering pollen- grains, ii. 97. 

 Foxglove. See Digitalis. 



— force of root-pressure in, i. 273. 

 Fox-tail Grass. See Alopecurus. 

 Fragaria, i. 708. 



— nectary, ii. 174. 



— persistent receptacle, ii. 435. 



— procumbent, i. 661. 

 pull of roots, i. 767. 



— runner, i, 664. 



— specific scents, ii. 488. 



Fragaria grandiflora, runner section, i. 735. 

 Fragaria vesca, fruit-ripening constant, i. 559. 



vegetative propagation, ii. 801. 



Fragillaria virescens, ii. 626. 



Fragrsea obovata, lattice on palm-stem, i. 681. 



supporting roots, structure, i. 761. 



France, South-west, plants with evergreen 



rolled leaves, i. 306. 

 Francisia eximia, leaf section, i. 279, 285. 

 Fraogulinse, of Braum, ii. 605. 



Frankenia, habitat, extreme aridity of, 1. 237. 



— salt on leaves and stem, i. 236. 

 Frankia Alni, g^ on Alnus roots, ii. 621. 

 FraxineUa. See Dictamnus fraxineUa. 

 Fraxinus, arrangement of foliage-leaves, i. 92. 



— bark, i. 720. 



— bud-scales, i. 626. 



— flowering, ii. 150. 



— leaf, grooved rachis, i. 232. 

 section, i. 232. 



peltate group of cells, i. 232. 



— pollarding, ii. 37. 



— pollination, ii. 138. 

 Fraxinus excelsior, age, i. 722. 



and gall of Diplosis Ootularia, Ii. 534. 



dimensions, i. 722. 



distribution of sexes, ii. 298. 



&c., fasciation, ii. 549. 



fruit and seed, ii. 428. 



inflorescences and flowers, ii. 138. 



protogynous, ii. 312. 



Fraxinus nana, callus, ii. 30. 



Fraxinus omus, imperfect flowers, ii. 294. 



scent, ii. 200. 



Free cell-formation, nature of, i. 575. 

 Freezing of plants, i. 539. 

 modern views, i. 540. 



— protection from, i. 546. 



— theoretical considerations, i. 556. 

 Fritillaria and inspxt visits, ii. 222. 



— autogamy, ii. 332. 



— epiphyllous buds, ii. 43. 



— nectaries, ii. 177. 



— protection of pollen, ii. 118. 



— waxy coating, ii. 237. 



Fritillaria cirrhosa, Jtc, tendrils, i. 692. 

 Fritillaria imperialis, ii. 731. 



anther, ii. 90. 



bulb scales, i. 624. 



hermaphrodite and staminate flowers, 



u. 297. 

 Fritillaria meleagris, duration of flowering, 



ii. 213. 

 Frogbit. See Hydrockaris. 

 Frond, of Fern, characteristics, ii. 705. 



morphological value, ii. 12. 



functions, ii. 476. 



Frondosffl, of Braim, ii. 605. 

 Frondose community, ii. 888. 893. 

 Frost, and leaf -fall, i. 359. 



— and young foliage, i. 545. 

 Frozen, gardeners' use of word, i. 356. 

 Fructification, of Fungi, colour, i. 165. 



— of Loranthus Europjeus, i. 211. 

 Fruit, accessory structures, ii. 433, 



— and seed of Coniferae, ii. 441. 



— boring, i. 618. 



— botanical definition, ii. 47. 



— broad sense, ii. 6, 427. 



— green, i. 376. 



— of Dudresnaya, ii. 50. 



— of Erysiphe^, ii. 60. 



— of Ferns, ii. 68, 475. 



— of FucuB, ii. 53. 



— of Muscinese, ii. 66. 



— of Penicillium, ii. 60. 



— of PeronosporcEe, ii. 56. 



— of Vaucheria, ii. 58. 



— ripening and allurement, ii. 446. 



— types of, ii. 427. 



Fruit-formation, essential conditions, ii. 70. 



in Aspergillus and Penicillium, ii. 18. 



in Eurotium, ii. 679- 



Fruitful and unfruitful years, ii. 471. 

 Fruiting spike, of Arum maculatum, ii. 742. 

 Fruit-production, result of interference with, 



ii. 453. 

 Fruit-ripening of Characese, ii. 62. 



of Equisetaceje, ii. 68. 



of Floride^, ii. 62. 



of Marsilia, Salvinia, and Selaginella, 



ii. 69. 



of Muscioeae, ii. 64. 



thermal constants, i. 559. 



Fruit-sugars, formation, i. 465. 

 Fruits, aggregate and collective, ii. 436. 

 Fruits and birds, i. 403. 



Fruits and seeds of Oonifer^e, ii. 442, 443. 



— attachment to substratum, i. 615. 



— boring of, i. 619. 



— dry, subdivision, ii. 429. 



— indehiscent, ii. 427. 



— preservation through dryness, i. 262. 



— protection from desiccation, ii. 449. 



— size aad weight, ii. 452. 



— BO called of Ascomycetes, ii. 20. 



— with cupules, ii. 435. 



— with modified receptacle or pedicel, ii, 



436. 



— with persistent receptacles, ii. 434. 

 FruUania, pitchers on leaves, i. 255. 

 FruUania dilatata, ii. 698. 



mode of adhering to bark, i. 106. 



Frustule, of Diatoms, ii. 625. 



Frutex, i. 715. 



Fruticose Lichens, ii. 694. 



Fruticulus, i. 715. 



Fucaceae, as host plants, i. 77. 



— characteristics, ii. 663. 



— reproductive protoplasts, ii. 50, 

 Fuchs (1501-1566), i. 4. 



Fuchsia, fl.owers after pollination, ii. 286. 



— viscin of pollen-grains, ii. 101. 

 Fuchsia cocciuea, &c. , scarlet flower, ii. 196. 

 Fucoide^, i. 169; ii. 606. 



— size compared to attachment, i. 78. 

 Fucus, fruit, ii. 53. 



— no alternation of generations, ii. 481. 



— oosphere and spermatozoids, i. 29- 



— structure, i. 590; ii. 51, 664. 

 Fucus vesiculosua, fertilization, ii, 52. 

 Puligo varians, colour of, i, 32. 

 Fuller's Thistle. See Cirsium. 



Fumaria. behaviour to own and foreign 



pollen, ii. 407. 

 Fumaria claviculata, branch-tendrils, i. 694. 



— drupaceous nut, ii. 427, 429. 



— honey concealment, ii. 180. 



— leaf -stalk tendrils, i. 692. 

 Fumaria officinalis, cotyledons, i. 621. 



fiower, diadelphia, ii. 293. 



Funaria, hybrids, ii. 582. 



— spermatozoid, i. 29. 



Funaria hygrometrica, chlorophyll-granules, 

 change of shape, i. 381. 



Function, double, of various plant mechan- 

 isms, i. 308. 



Fundamentum. See Hypocotyl. 



Fungal hyphae, development and modes of 

 gi-owth, i. 589. 



Fungi, i. 161 ; ii. 617, 620. 



— advantage of lumiuosity, i. 504. 



— as disintegrating agents, i. 99, 263. 



— characteristics, ii. 668. 



— division of Thallophyta, ii. 604. 



— effect on cells attacked, ii. 518, 



— ferment, i. 505. 



— fleshy, loss of bulk through loss of water, 



i. 216. 



— fossil remains, ii. 614. 



— hyphfe in bark, i. 106. 



— of Lichen community, i. 244. 



— on ground of woods, i. 109. 



— parasitic, alteration of form by, ii. 518. 

 cause of skin-diseases, i. 168. 



extent of attack, i. 164. 



hyphPB of, i. 165. 



numbers on one host, localized attack, 



&c., i. 168. 



— peat, unsuitable soil for, i. 102. 



— plasraoid, feeding of, i. 56. 



— rapid development of fructification, i. 117. 



— reason of abundance in woods, i. 252. 



— respiratory heat, i. 497. 



— saprophytic, i. 99. 



— specific scents, ii. 488. 



— variety of appearance, i. 110. 

 FuDgus-flies, i. 504. 

 Fungus-galls, ii. 521. 



Fungus meUtensis, apothecaries' name fo» 

 Oynomorinm coccineum, i. 198, 



F^guB - mycelium, importance to roots ot 

 plants, i. 250. 



Funiculus, of ovule, i. 644 : ii. 81. 



