976 



INDEX. 



Sorbus aucuparia, bud-scales, i. 626. 



Gymnosporangium gall, ii. 520, 



Soredia. of Lichens, ii. 24, 693, 816. 

 Son, of Ferns, ii. 11. 

 Sorus, nature of, ii. 10. 

 Sow-thistle. See Mulgediuvi. 

 Spaces, intercellular, i. 27, 63. 

 SpadiciflorEe, floral characters, ii. 740. 

 Spadix, of Arum maculatum, ii. 742. 

 Spangle-galls on Oak-leaves, ii. 537, 541. 

 Spanish flora, general grayness of, i. 317. 

 Sparganaceae, ii. 745. 

 Sparganinm, moQoecious, ii. 297. 



— pollination, ii. 136. 



— protogynous, ii. 312. 



Sparinannia Africana, protection of pollen, 



ij. 119. 

 Spartium, insect reception, ii. 228. 



— protective coat of wax, i. 292. 



— stomata, i. 331. 



Spartium junceum, scent, ii. 201. 

 Spartium scoparium and Xylocopa violacea, 

 ii. 267. 



flower and explosive distribution of 



pollen, ii. 266. 



green tissue, relative position, i. 471. 



inflorescence, ii. 267- 



reserve-buds, ii. 31. 



Spathe, application of term, i. 641. 

 Spathegaster baccarum, gall on male catkins 



of Oak, ii. 526. 

 Spathegaster tricolor, galls on the leaves of 



Turkey Oak, ii. 537. 

 Spathularia flavida, fairy rings, ii. 791. 

 Spawn, of Mushroom, a mycelium, i. 100. 

 Species, essential feature, ii. 581. 



— extinction by Humble-bees, ii. 239. 



— extinction of, ii. 899. 



— fertilization and origin of, i. 594. 



- of flowering plants, number, ii, 604. 



— origin of, ii. 486. 



Specific constancy in offshoots, ii. 494. 



— constitution, of plants, i. 567. 

 Spectrum, absorption, of chlorophyll, i. 372. 

 Specularia, colour of flowers, ii. 183. 



— opening and closing, Ii. 116. 

 Specularia speculum, protection of pollen, 



ii. 128. 

 Spergula arvensis, autogamy, ii. 338. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Spermatogenesis, in Ferns, ii. 67. 

 Spermatoplasm, influence on ovary, ii. 551. 

 -— manifold differentiation, ii. 48. 



— nature of, ii. 46. 

 Spermatozoid, nature of, ii. 48. 



— of Chara fragilis, ii. 660. 



— of Chlorophycese, ii. 628. 



— of Ooleochtete, ii. 653. 



— of Dudresnaya, ii. 53. 



— of Fern, escape, ii. 708. 



— of Fucus vesiculosus, ii. 664. 



— of Selagmella, ii. 715. 



— of Volvox aureus, ii. 635. 

 Spbacelariacese, structure, &c., ii. 661. 

 Sphserella BLitschlii, eye-spot, ii. 631. 

 Spheerella nivalis, discovery of, i. 38. 

 bismato chrome, ii. 631. 



killing degree of cold, i. 542. 



Spbeerella pluvialis, description, ii, 630. 



habitat and food, i. 108. 



sociability of swarm-spores, i. 584. 



swarm-cells and light, i. 383. 



5ph£erobolu8, spore-dispersal, ii. 825. 

 3ph33roplea, life-history, ii. 652. 

 Sphterotheca Castagnei, fruits, ii. 60. 



on Huraulus, ii. 677. 



SpbEerotilus thermalis, and heat, i. 554. 

 Sphagnacese, appearance, i. 219. 



— description, ii. 699. 



— leaves, minute structure i. 219. 



water-absorption, i. 219. 



Sphagnum cymbifolium, sporogonium, ii. 



15. 

 Sphere crystals, i. 457. 

 Spiders, elevation and coloration, ii. 511. 

 Spiderwort. See Tradescantia. 

 Spindle, nuclear, i. 581. 



Spines, arrangement in Cactiform plants, L 

 446. 



— as " path -finders ", ii. 238. 



— proof of protective nature, i. 436. 



— transformed shoots, i. 443. 



— used as needles, i. 434. 

 Spirfea, weaving stem, i. 672. 



Spiraea Aruncus, distribution of sexes, ii. 300. 



separation-layers, i. 360. 



Spiraea chamEedrifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spir«a crenata, reaerve-buds, ii. 33. 

 SpirEea Filipendula, roots, i. 760. 

 Spirsea ulmifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spiral, genetic, i. 398, 403. 



— phyllotaxis, plans, i. 400. 

 Spiranthes, cohering pollen-grains, ii, 97. 

 SpirochiEte choleree asiaticse, ii. 624. 

 Spirogyra, chlorophyll bodies, of. i. 139, 373. 



— formation of zygote, ii. 657- 



— occurrence, ii. 654. 



Spirogyra- filament, structure, ii. 656. 

 Spirogyracete, ii. 654. 

 Spirophyton, ii. 610. 

 Splachnacese, true saprophytes, i. 103. 

 Splachnum, apophysis, ii. 702. 



— saprophytic, ii. 704. 



Splachnum ampullaceum, capsule, ii. 703- 



saprophytic on dung of cattle, i. 103. 



Splachnum luteum, capsule, ii. 703. 

 Spooge, symbiosis with ChlorophyccEe, ii. 627. 

 Spongy parenchyma, functions, i. 473. 



chlorophyll-granules, i. 374. 



movements of chlorophyll-granules, i. 



381. 

 Spongy tissue, of leaves, chief function, i. 



279. 

 Sporangiole, of Gh^tocladium, ii. 673. 



— of Thamnidium, ii. 673. 

 Sporangium, nature of, ii. 10. 



— of Ferns, ii. 476. 



— of Marattiaceee, ii. 709. 



— of Mucor, ii. 673. 



— of Myxomycetes, mode of origin, ii, 619. 



— of OphioglossaccEe, ii. 709. 



— of Polypodiaceffi, ii. 706. 



— of Psilotum, ii. 715. 



— of SchizEeaceas, ii. 709. 



— of Tmesipteris, ii. 715. 



— protection from moisture, &c., ii. 13. 

 Spore, of Equisetum arvense, ii. 712. 



— of Lycopodium, ii. 716. 



— places of origin, ii. 10. 



— unicellular brood-body, ii. 6. 

 Spore-capsule, of Polytrichum, ii. 700. 

 Spore-capsules, of Mosses, ii. 703. 

 Spore-formation, by ahstriction, ii. 20. 

 Spores, classification according to mode of 



origin, ii. 10. 



— dispersed by wind, ii. 812. 



— of Fern, dispersal, &c., ii. 476. 



— of Lichens, dissemination, i. 246. 



— of Moss, dispersal, ii. 479. 



— of Moulds, heat resistance, i. 554. 

 Sporocarps, of Marsilia quadrifolia, ii. 710. 



— of Salviuia natans, ii. 710. 

 Sporodinia grandis, conjugation and fruit- 

 formation, ii. 53. 



Sporogonium, of Bryacete, ii. 702. 



— of Muscineee, ii. 15, 477. 

 Sporopbyte, of Hepaticas, ii. 696, 



— of Lycopodiales, ii. 704. 



— of Phanerogamia, ii. 717. 



— of Pteridophyta, characteristics, ii. 704. 



— young, of Fern, ii. 708. 



Spring flowers, probable reason for blue 



colour, ii, 194. 

 Sprinkling apparatus for pollen transfer, ii. 



273, 275. 

 "Sprouting" of Rye, kc, ii. 454. 

 Spruce-fir Aphis. See Chermes abietis. 

 Spumaria alba, sporangia, ii. 491- 

 Spur, of Orchids, and honey, ii. 176. 

 Spurge. See Eiiplwrbia. 

 Spurge-family. See EuplwrhiacecB. 

 Spurge-laurel. See Daphne Laureola. 

 Spurges, of Mediterranean, waxy bloom of 



leaves, i. 312. 



Squirrels, disperse fruits, ii. 866. 



Squirting Cucumber, ii. 834. 



Stachys, hybrids, ii. 585. 



Stalk, of ovule, i. 644. 



Stamen, morphological value of parts, ii. 88- 



— parts of, i. 642. 

 Stamens, ii. 87- 



— arrangement, i. 641 ; ii. 85. 



— as insect platform, ii. 225. 



— constancy in number, ii. 86. 



— division of labour, i. 645. 



— metamorphosis, i. 646. 



— of monstrous flowers, ii. 86. 



Staminal filaments, turgidity in Grasses, ii. 



140. 

 Staminiferous buds, of Vallisneria, ii. 105. 

 Staminode, apphcation of term, i. 647. 

 Standard, of papilionaceous flower, ii. 228. 

 Stanhopea, duration of flowers, ii. 214. 



— edible fleshy growths, ii. 170. 

 Stanhopea Devoniensis, ii. 229. 

 Stanhopea tigrina, opening of flowers, ii. 212. 

 Stapeha, colour and odour, ii. 197. 



Star Anise. See lUicium anuatum. 

 Starch, conducting tissues for, i. 480. 



— decomposition by diastase, i. 465. 



— formed by protoplasts, i. 61. 



— percentage composition, i. 454. 



— storing, i. 358. 



Starch-grains, of plant hybrids, ii. 566. 



various forms, i. 459. 



Starch-granules, in endosperm, ii. 421. 

 Starch-stars, of Chara steUigera, ii. 661. 

 Star of Bethlehem. See Ornithoqalum. 

 Statice, anthocyanin, i. 484. 



— pollen-grain, ii. 100. 



— salt on leaves and stems, i. 236. 

 Staurospermum, conjugation, ii. 658. 

 Stearin, in cuticle, i. 309. 

 Stellaria, massing of flowers, ii. 186. 

 Stellaria bulbosa, geographical restriction, ii. 



462. 



vegetative propagatiou, ii. 463. 



Stellaria gram ine a, protection of pollen, ii. 120. 

 Stellaria Holostea, autogamy, ii. 355. 

 Stellaria media, abortive anthers, ii. 294. 



autogamy, ii. 338. 



hairs on stem and petioles, i. 227. 



movements of cotyledons, i. 532. 



Stellatse, source of name, i. 637. 

 Stellate hairs, classiticatory value, ii. 564. 

 Stellera passerina, effect of mutilation, ii. 517. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Stem, classification, i. 650. 



— creeping, i, 652, 662. 



— floating, characteristics, i. 665. 



— foliage bearing, i. 655. 



— geometrical arrangement of cells and 



leaves, i. 405. 



— grooving of, for water conduction, i. 95. 



— lattice-form, i. 678. 



— mode of climbing, 1. 671, 686. 



— morphological considerations, i. 648. 



— nodes and internodes, i. 396. 



— procumbent, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



— prostrate, i. 662. 



— scaly, i. 651. 



— subterranean, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



— tendril-bearing, i. 689. 



— transverse and longitudinal sect. i. 469. 



— weaving, nature of, i. 671. 



— woody, i. 657. 



Stemonitis fusca, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Stephanosph^era, structure, ii. 631. 

 Steppe-antelope, eastward retreat, ii, 462. 

 Steppe-fauna, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-flora, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



previously in Central Europe, ii. 903. 



Steppe-insects, probable eastward retreat, ii. 



462. 

 Steppe-plants, &c., coloured stamen-fila- 

 ments in, ii. 183. 



covered by glandular viscid hairs, i. 230. 



reserve-buds, ii. 33. 



seed protection, ii. 450. 



sticky foliage in, ii. 236. 



Steppe-porcupine, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



