Immunization with Spore-containing Vaccines. 27 



rapidly liquefying capsules) as well as their reduced virulence, which cannot readily 

 be increased even if passed through guinea pigs (Ascoli). 



Technic of vaccination. The vaccine prepared by the "Institut Pasteur" or 

 by the " Laboratoires Pasteur-Chamberland " which are established in the various 

 countries, is marketed in small bottles closed with rubber stoppers. The vaccine is 

 drawn up into a sterilized syringe of about 1 cc. capacity, the plunger of which is 

 graduated into 8 parts, and sheep, calves and foals are injected subeutaneously with 

 % of the contained vaccine, while mature cattle and horses receive Vi (about 0.12 

 and 0.25 cc). The injections are made in sheep on the inner surface of the thigh; 

 in cattle posteriorly to the shoulder; in horses on the side of the neck. Prior to 

 the injection the site should be clipped and carefully disinfected. Twelve days fol- 

 lowing the first vaccination the second injection is made at the corresponding place 

 on the opposite side of the body. 



The vaccine retains its potency for several days when kept in a dark and 

 moderately cool place. Its effectiveness, however, is changed in time. It should 

 therefore be fresh, and the contents of an opened tube should be used up by all 

 means on the same day. Good vaccine when shaken is only very slightly cloudy, 

 rather opalescent; more pronounced cloudiness is an indication of deterioration 

 (contamination with foreign bacteria), and such vaccine should not be used under 

 any circumstances. The vaccine is prepared in a somewhat different way for the 

 various species of animals, and therefore vaccine for a specified species should be- 

 used. This is particularly applicable in the vaccination of horses (in horses, a mix- 

 ture of the first and second vaccine of cattle is used for the second vaccine, and is 

 therefore less severe than the second vaccine for cattle and sheep). The best time 

 for vaccination is the spring, as anthrax usually occurs during the summer months, 

 and an attempt should therefore be made to establish an immunity of the susceptible 

 animals shortly before the period of danger. 



Results obtained from the use of contaminated and ineffective vaccines pre- 

 pared by the various laboratories indicate that official control is urgently desirable. 



Bad results from vaccination cannot be excluded with certainty. On the one 

 hand they may be due to the uncertainty of the degree of virulence and purity of 

 the vaccine, while on the other hand the variance in the individual resistance and 

 susceptibility of the animals must be taken into consideration; and the veterinarian 

 making the vaccinations is unable to judge these factors. Therefore owners of 

 animals should be informed beforehand of the possible dangers. Errors com- 

 mitted during vaccination, especially neglect in the required cleanliness, may nat- 

 urally endanger the results, as in such procedures other pathogenic bacteria may 

 enter the body and produce a passing or fatal disease. During the days immedi- 

 ately following vaccination the animals should be fed regularly and should not be 

 .exposed to cold or heat, or overtaxed by hard work. As they are particularly sus- 

 ceptible to the infection during this time (negative phase) they should be kept 

 from suspected pastures. 



II. Immunization with Spore-containing Vaccines. Cien- 

 kowsky (1884) in Charkow produced two vaccines by attenua- 

 tion of living cultures at higher temperatures, the weaker of 

 which kills the mouse and the earless marmot, but not the rabbit 

 and sheep, while the stronger kills 30 to 50% of rabbits, and 

 10 to 20% of sheep. The cultivation of the attenuated cultures 

 is then continued in bouillon at body temperatures until an 

 abundance of spores are formed, when it is mixed with two 

 parts of glycerin and placed in stock. Before the vaccination 

 fresh cultures are made from the spore-containing fluid, and 

 with these the animals are injected (Grordzialkowsky) or the 

 spore-containing fluid itself is employed for the vaccination. 



According to Eajewsky the fluid containing the bacilli and spores remains 

 effective for a longer time in a cool, dark place. Otherwise both in the technique 

 as well as the valuation of this form of vaccination the same rules are followed as in 

 Pasteur's method. The dose of the vaccine consists of 0.1 ee. for sheep, and 0.2 cc. 

 for larger animals. The animals usually stand the vaccination well, but disagree- 

 able accidents are not totally excluded. Thus, 100 cattle were vaccinated in 1902 



