Immunization with Immune Serum. 29 



swellings of the head, at the point of inoculation and other parts of the body. 

 Nodular eruptions resembling urticaria, frothy discharge from the mouth, snorting, 

 reddening and swelling of the mucous membranes, uneasiness, and in cattle bloat- 

 ing, may also be observed. Kovdrzik observed these symptoms in two herds in about 

 20% of the inoculated cattle, among which the two showing the strongest reactions 

 died from asphyxiation. Inasmuch as the reaction appears well pronounced in 

 animals that were especially exposed to the danger of infection, Kovarzik and also 

 Zimmer, from his experience in horses, are inclined to believe that such an affection 

 is a reaction, indicating an already existing latent infection (anaphylaxis due to 

 proteids of the bacilli which circulate in the blood of the latent infected animals, 

 against the analagous proteid contained in the immune serum). 



IV. Immunization with Immune Serum and Cultures 

 (Sobernlieim's method). Sobernheim (1902) recommends for 

 a lasting, combined, passive and active immunization of do- 

 mestic animals a simultaneous vaccination with serum and 

 anthrax cultures (cattle and horses are injected on one side 

 of the body with 5.0 cc. ; calves with 3.0 to 5.0 cc, and sheep 

 with 4.0 cc. of an immune serum; and five minutes later, they 

 are injected on the opposite side with 0.5 or 0.25 cc. of an 

 attenuated culture, washed in salt solution, the degree of viru- 

 lence of which corresponds with Pasteur's second vaccine). 

 This method has the great advantage of requiring only a single 

 treatment of the animals, and the results obtained from it are, 

 with the exception of a few failures, quite satisfactory. Svarde 

 (1906) however, claims that the superiority of this method 

 over Pasteur's has not been established. 



After vaccination there is usually a moderate elevation in tem- 

 perature of 0.5 to 1.0° C, slightly diminished appetite and milk secre- 

 tion. A swelling often occurs at the place of inoculation. The nasal 

 mucous membrane may be swollen, and an exanthema resembling urti- 

 caria may be observed. Occasionally the vaccination results in the death 

 of the animal (most often observed in work oxen). 



In Argentine and Uruguay this method of vaccination was employed from the 

 spring of 1904 to September, 1905, on 140,000 cattle, 30,000 sheep and 2,000 horses. 

 According to Sobernheim no fatalities resulted from the vaccination, and almost 

 everywhere a complete eradication, or at least a marked restriction of anthrax 

 was noted. 



In Germany, according to Sobernheim 's statistics, up to the year of 1906 about 

 4,500 cattle and sheep were successfully vaccinated. Eaebiger & Johnk reported 

 very satisfactory results, although some failures were also observed by them. Accord- 

 ing to other reports, however, the results appeared unfavorable. Thus, according 

 to Burow, of 5,000 cattle vaccinated by this method in Pommern, 8 (0.15%) died 

 as a result of the vaccination; besides, from 4 to 7 weeks later 3 (0.08%) additional 

 deaths resulted from anthrax. In one instance, of 39 vaccinated cattle, 3 died; in 

 another case, of 137 cattle, 37 showed indications of anthrax inside of 5 days of 

 which 8 died (Heine). Unsatisfactory results are further reported by Hummel 

 (losses from vaccination, 139 sheep) and Lothes (of 78 cattle, 2 deaths, 17 severe 

 affections, marked diminution in milk secretion in cows). 



V. Other Methods of Vaccination. Previous to the experi- 

 ments of Pasteur, Toussaint (1880) vaccinated with anthrax blood 

 heated for 10 minutes at 55°C., or mixed with 1% carbolic acid. 



Chauveau (1883) prepared a vaccine by heating bouillon cultures 

 which were grown at 42.5 to 47°C., then kept at 37°C. until spore- 

 formation, and finally heated to 80-84° C. Other vaccines were made 



