30 Anthrax. 



by subjecting the spores to a pressure of approximately 8 atmospheres, 

 also by growing the virus in pure oxygen and under pressure of 21/2 

 atmospheres. 



According to Sobernheim, Chaviveau's method of immunization is used in 

 Chile, where 80,000 to 85,000 animals are vaccinated annually by that method; the 

 results are indicated as being favorable in cattle, but only fairly good among sheep. 



According to Chamberland & Eoux, the action of a mild solution 

 of carbolic acid (1 :600) on anthrax bacilli for 24 days will attenuate 

 them to such an extent that they represent protective vaccines. The 

 same result is obtained by the action of bichromate of potassium 

 (1 :2000-5000) for 10 days, and according to Gibier by cooling to -45°C., 

 whereas Murillo prepares a vaccine which is also supposed to be satis- 

 factory in practice by growing the culture alternately in diphtheria 

 toxin and in bouillon. 



Arloing, and also Hankins succeeded in immunizing test animals 

 witli bacteria-free filtrates of culture. Similar results were obtained 

 by Ogata & Jasuhara with a ferment from the blood serum of anthrax 

 animals. Aujeszky also succeeded with a mixture of anthrax bacilli 

 and spleen tissue, and also with the spleen pulp alone. According to 

 Emmerich, Pawlowsky, Bouchard, Gilruth and others, an immuniza- 

 tion is possible by the treatment with organisms which are antagonistic 

 to the anthrax bacillus ( see page 6). 



Finally, Bail (1904) used for the immunization the sterilized 

 edema fluid of anthrax animals. He presumed that the aggressins 

 (lysins in the sense of Kruse) of the anthrax baillus, which are present 

 in the edematous fluid, favor the development of the pathogenicity of 

 the bacillus, and if injected into an animal they would stimulate the 

 production of antiaggressins which would protect the animal against 

 a bacillary infection. Sheep which received 2.5-10 cc. of such edema 

 fluid subcutaneously developed an immunity even against severe sub- 

 cutaneous infection with bacilli in- from 8 to 10 days. If, however, a 

 certain quantity of the edema fluid is exceeded the body is unable to 

 use it up, and because of the increased aggressins present a hypersensi- 

 tiveness to infection develops. This method has not yet been tried in 

 practice. 



Veterinary Police. The veterinary police regulations refer 

 in the first place to the harmless disposition and destruction 

 of all excrements of anthrax animals, and to the cremation, 

 rendering or deep burying of their carcasses. Diseased animals 

 should be kept separated from healthy ones, and their stalls 

 should be disinfected. The food and straw which have come 

 in direct contact with affected animals should be rendered 

 harmless; meat, milk and raw products in general (also hides) 

 of affected animals should not be permitted to enter the trade. 

 On the other hand, quarantine restrictions for healthy animals 

 with the exception of severe outbreaks do not appear justified 

 as the disease is not directly contagious. 



Literature. Gerlach, Mag., 1845, XI, 113 ; 1846, XII, 321. — Heusinger, D. Milz- 

 brandkrkh. d. Tiere u. d. Menschen, Erlangen, 1850 (Old Lit.). — Pollender, Viertel- 

 jsehr. f. ger. Med., 1855, 102.— Brauell, V. A., 1857, XI, 131. Davaine, C. E., 1863, 

 LVII, 320 ; 1864, LIX, 393.— Bollinger, Beitr. z. vergl. Path., 1872, 122 ■ D. Z f 



