Malignant Edema. Blackleg. 39 



edema but not against anthrax also, as was proven by Leclainehe & 

 Vallee, and which is contrary to the former views of Roux & Duensch- 

 mann. 



Literature. Chauveau, Eec, 1873, 263.— Pasteur & Joubert, C. E., 1877, LXXXV, 

 101.— Koch, Mitt. d. G.-A., 1881, I, 49.— Affky, Ibid., S. 83.— Chauveau & Arloing, 

 Acad, de Med., 1884, XIII, 604.— Kitt, Miinchn. Jhb., 1883-84 u. 1884-85; Monh., 

 1897, VIII, 206 (Eeview) ; 1900, XI, 49.— Jensen & Sand, D. Z. f. Tm., 1887, XIII, 

 31.— Eoux & Chamberland, A. P., 1887, I, 561.— Leclainehe & Valine, Ibid., 1900, 

 XIT, 590.— Frohner, Monh., 1901 to 1903, XII-XIV; AUg. Chir., Wien, 1905 (Lit.).— 

 Carl, A. f. Tk., 1903, XXIX, 225.— Jensen, Hb. f. p. M., 1903, II, 619 (Lit.).— 

 Livesey, Vet. Eec, 1906, 356. — Hohneker, B. t. W., 1907, 267. 



3. Blackleg. Gangraena emphysematosa. 



{Black Quarter, Quarter III [English]; Rauschbrand, Kalter 



Brand, Rauschender Milzbrand ^German]; Emphysema 



gangraenosum, Sarkophysema haemorrhagicum ; Char- 



bon symptomatique, Charbon bacterien, Mai de 



cuisse, Mai de montagne [French]; Car- 



bonchio enfisematosa o sintomatico, 



Acetone, Quarto nero [Italian].) 



Blackleg is an acute, infectious, but not contagious, 

 epizootic disease of cattle, and exceptionally of other ruminants 

 and of swine, in the course of which crepitant swellings develop 

 in the musculature of certain regions of the body, accompanied 

 by febrile symptoms. It is caused by the anaerobe, bacillus 

 gangraenae emphysematosae. 



Historical. Until the seventies of the last century, the disease was 

 considered as identical with anthrax or as a particular form of that dis- 

 ease. As early as 1782, Chabert had differentiated the disease from 

 anthrax under the name of charbon symptomatique, while Bollinger 

 (1875) and Peser (1876) showed that blackleg was to be separated from, 

 anthrax from an etiological point of view. Both investigators observed 

 the bacilli contained in the crepitant swellings, and produced the dis- 

 ease in ruminants through injection of the serous fluid; Bollinger also 

 caused it by introducing subcutaneously mud from places in which 

 blackleg was frequent. Later the etiology of the disease and properties 

 of the bacteria were investigated thoroughly by Arloing, Cornevin & 

 Thomas (1879-1884), and through these studies not only the etiology 

 of the disease was determined upon, but they also introduced a prac- 

 tical method of protective vaccination. The bacteria which the French 

 call bacterium Chauveaui were developed in cultures by Roux (1887) 

 and later by Kitasato (1889), while still later Kitt, Leclainehe & Vallee, 

 as well as Grassberger and Schattenfroh, completed our knowledge in 

 that direction. 



Occurrence. Blackleg appears mostly in mountain regions 

 and in valleys with swampy pastures, but is also observed on 

 low lands exposed to inundation. In such regions it appears 

 chiefly during the hot season and causes nearly every year con- 



