Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Cattle. 103 



is hypertrophy of the lymph glands, orchitis and spleen tumor. The 

 disease is very easily transmitted artificially and appears to be caused 

 by a filterable virus. (Cbl. f. Bakt., 1898, XXIII, 865; 1908, XLVIII, 

 300.) 



(b) Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Cattle. Septicaemia hemor- 

 rhagica bovum. 



{Bollinger's Wild- und Rinderseuche, H emorrhagische Septi- 



hdmie der Binder [German]; Pasteurellosis bovum, 



Pasteurellose ou Septicemie hemorrhagique 



du boeuf [French].) 



Hemorrhagic septicemia is mostly an acute, less frequently 

 a subacute, infectious disease. In its course the febrile symp- 

 toms are usually accompanied by manifestations of an at^ute 

 gastro-enteritis, inflammatory edema of the skin or frequently 

 a necrotic pneumonia associated with edema of the interalveolar 

 connective tissue. The causative agent is Bac. bovisepticus. 



History. Bollinger described in 1878 a very fatal disease, which 

 was previously unknown, occurring in the vicinity of Munich among the 

 deer and wild boars. Later it was observed in cattle, and in some 

 instances among horses and domestic hogs. The infectious character of 

 the disease has been established by Bollinger and later by Pranck 

 (1881) as well as. by Friedberger (1881). The causative agent, how- 

 ever, was discovered by Kitt (1885) and somewhat later studied by 

 Hueppe (1886). Recently especially Jensen (1889) and Lignieres 

 (1898 and 1900) investigated the etiology of the disease. 



Occurrence. The disease occurs everywhere either sporadi- 

 cally or enzootically, especially during the summer. Some- 

 times it originally occurs in deer and wild hogs, spreading later 

 to domestic cattle, and from the latter hogs may often become 

 affected. 



In the beginmng of the eighties of the last century the disease was repeatedly ob- 

 served in northern Bavaria, but it has been since found in other parts of Germany 

 as well as"in different European countries. The losses were sometimes consider- 

 able. In the year 1878, 1S3 deer and 234 wild hogs died in the Beservations in the 

 vicinity of Munich; in 1887 in the District of Bindlach more than 100, and in 

 one district of Prussia the annual loss was more than 100 cattle. In recent times 

 it is principally observed in Prussia (Government districts Posen and Bromberg) 

 as well as in Bavaria. In 1905, 57 cases were reported from Posen and 30 from 

 Hannover, 



In Austria the disease occurs in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. In Moravia 

 155 cattle and 29 hogs were affected in 1900, in 44 townships, of which number 15 

 cattle and 15 hogs died. One hundred and one cattle and 14 hogs were slaughtered 

 in emergency (Taufer). In Hungary the disease was first observed in 1900 in 

 the County of -Gomor, in ,one township where 17 cattle were affected. During the 

 period from 1901 to 1902, 12 yearlings and 2 cows died in Hansag; in 1004, 14 out of 

 a herd of 49 yearlings in the vicinity of Kapuvar became affected. From time to 

 time sporadic cases occur in fattening establishments. 



In France the disease was observed by Leclainche and in Switzerland by 

 Guillebeau and Hess. 



The disease also exists in North America (the broncho-pneumonia of cattle 

 described by Nocard is a form of this disease), in Indo-China, in the Malayean 

 Peninsula, in the Philippines and in Java. 



