118 Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Sheep. 



pastures. In many cases the disease ceases immediately after 

 the animals are stabled. Further preventative measures are 

 the disinfection of the infected stables and premises as well as 

 the amelioration of the dangerous pastures by drainage and 

 drying of the swampy areas. 



Immunization. According to Oreste & Armanni (1887) the blood 

 of pigeons which have been inoculated and have died in from three 

 to four days becomes attenuated and adapted for immunization. Three 

 injections of 0.1 cci of such blood is supposed to produce an active 

 immunity in buffalo. Such immunizations were carried out by the 

 authors in their practice with good results. 



Oreste and Marcone (1889) prepared a vaccine by growing the 

 bacteria in the presence of air at a temperature of 30° to 32° C. which 

 supposedly protected sheep and buffaloes against a virulent infection. 



Blin and Carrougeau (1902) produced an immune serum by 

 careful immunization of horses with old, then with fresh cultures 

 (inside of 5 months 150 cc. of cultures were injected subcutaneously) 

 of which the protective action has been increased by the addition of 

 killed cultures. Simultaneous injections of the serum and %-% cc. 

 of virulent culture produced a lasting immunity, but still more effective 

 was the subcutaneous injection of a serum-culture mixture (20 cc. 

 serum plus 2 cc. culture). The serum must have such a strength 

 that 20 cc. of the same will protect a 20 months old calf against an 

 infection with 2 cc. of culture of which 1 cc. ordinarily kills the 

 animal in from 24 to 30 hours. The results are supposed to be satis- 

 factory in buffalo as well as in cattle. 



Veterinary Police. A similar procedure as in hemorrhagic 

 septicemia of cattle is advisable. Besides buffalo, hogs should 

 be also protected against infection. 



Literature. Oreste & Armanni, Bev. Vet. Jhh., 1887, VII, 4:5. — Oreste & 

 Marcone, Clin, vet., 1891.— Sequens, Vet., 1894, 504.— Katz, D. Z. f. Tm., 1896, 

 XXII, 331.— Ligniferes, Bull., 1900, 541 (Lit.).— Blin & Carrougeau, Eee., 1902, 

 571.— Yersin, A. P., 1904, XVIII, 440. 



(d) Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Sheep. Septicaemia 

 haemorrhagica ovum. 



{Catarrhal F6ver of Sheep; Septicemia pluriformisovwn, 



Pasteurellosis Ovum, Lombris [Spanish]; 



Schafrotz [German].) 



Hemorrhagic septicemia of sheep is characterized in acute 

 cases by septicemic manifestations, in subacute and chronic 

 cases by a discharge from the eyes and nose as well as by a 

 pleuro-pneumonia. The cause is the bacillus ovisepticus. 



History. Galtier "(1889-1890) observed in the Alps of Prance a 

 disease of sheep which he associated with swine plague, describing an 

 ovoid bacterium as its cause. Later Lienaux ^(1895) described an 

 organism as the cause of infectious pleuro-pneumonia of sheep which 

 entirely corresponded with the bipolar bacillus. Conte (1897) as well 



