182 Influenza of Horses. 



be uninterrupted. Not infrequently mild colicky symptoms may 

 be observed. The persistent diarrhea and the absence of ap- 

 petite weakens some of the patients considerably. 



During the entire existence of the febrile condition urine 

 is passed in only small quantities. It is of a high specific 

 gravity, and dark yellow in color, containing a small quantity 

 of albumen, and sometimes bile pigments. The chemical re- 

 action in the later stages, and in the presence of continuous 

 bad appetite turns acid. If allowed to stand a great amount 

 of sediment precipitates, which may contain epithelial cells 

 from the bladder and the pelvis of the kidneys, exceptionally 

 also easts may be noted. In the presence of catarrh of the 

 bladder and urethra the animals urinate frequently and strain 

 during each passage. A transient polyuria may develop after 

 the subsidence of the other symptoms. In females the mucous 

 membrane of the vagina may show catarrhal inflammation, and 

 in such cases a muco-purulent discharge escapes. 



In some cases edematous swellings develop in the subcutis, 

 especially on the chest and lower abdomen, or on the lower 

 extremity of the sheath. Occasionally urticaria-like eruptions 

 may occur on the rump ; these present the form of round, beet- 

 like elevations. Such subcutaneous and cutaneous edema may 

 be observed in some outbreaks on practically every patient. 

 In other instances it may be observed only in isolated cases. 

 In some outbreaks there may be found an inflammation of 

 the flexor tendons and tendinous sheaths of the extremities, 

 with an accumulation of serous exudate in the latter. As a 

 result of the pain which is associated with this form of affec- 

 tion the patients rest the legs intermittently and keep them 

 flexed as much as possible. 



The symptoms described may reach various degrees in the 

 different cases. In mild- forms they may disappear in one to 

 two days, whereas severe symptoms develop only in very few 

 instances. 



Kramell reports a peculiar form of influenza in 39 out of 72 

 army horses. The fever, lasting from one to six days, varied between 

 38.6 and 41°C., at the same time the frequency of pulse dropped 

 to 30 and 28 beats. In about one third of the cases a disturbance in 

 the gait of the animals was observed, which was evinced by stiffness 

 of gait, resembling a rooster's step, or lameness in the different extremi- 

 ties. Respiration was not affected, the conjunctivae were usually nor- 

 mal, and the appetite was capricious. 



Special Symptoms of the Pectoral Form of Influenza. This 

 form is also inaugurated by febrile and catarrhal symptoms, 

 as is the case in the catarrhal form, only they are more intense 

 in character. In the meantime symptoms arise which point 

 to an affection of the respiratory organs, and this develops 

 in a short while into characteristic acute pneumonia or pleuro- 

 pneumonia. The affection of the lungs represents either lobar 



