236 Rinderpest. 



It appeared for the last time after the Franco-Prussian war, and caused in the 

 course of two years, in 43 districts, a loss of 56,533 cattle valued at 15,000,000 francs. 



Great Britain was free of the disease from the middle of the eighteenth 

 century for a period of 120 years. In 1865 the disease was brought to the London 

 stock market, and at the same time to different provincial cities by a cattle boat 

 from Finland, and towards the end of that year 85 counties were infected. During 

 the 1% years of its prevalence 500,000 cattle died, valued at 100,000,000 francs. 

 The last outbreak occurred in 1877 as a result of its introduction from Hamburg, 

 and caused a loss of 1198 cattle. 



In the middle of the year 1866 the disease spread from England to Holland, 

 where it extended rapidly and in barely a year's time had affected 156,594 cattle, 

 of which 78,110 died and 36,919 were slaughtered, while 41,565 recovered. 



The disease was introduced into Italy toward the end of the eighteenth century 

 by Austrian troops, and spread southwards with such rapidity that inside of three 

 years over 3,000,000 cattle became its victims. Later in the years 1862-1868, the 

 disease was widely distributed, having been introduced from Dalmatia, in which 

 time the kingdom of Naples alone sustained a loss of 50,000 cattle. Einderpest 

 occurred in Italy for the last time in 1878 in the province of Naples. 



In Austria, Galicia and Bukowina sustained great losses in the middle of the 

 last century. In both of these crown possessions about 54,000 cattle succumbed in 

 the years of 1848-1864, and about 35,000 head in the,years 1868-1877. In the first 

 period Moravia suffered a loss of 12,000, while southern Austria lost 4,500 head. 

 The plague invaded Dalmatia for the last time during the Bosnian War, in the 

 year of 1878, and towards the end of the following year Slavonia, Styria and the 

 Krain experienced a visitation. During this outbreak, in a period of three months 

 1785 cattle died of the disease. Since the year 1880 Austria has been free of 

 the disease. 



Hungary suffered most severely after the invasion of the Mongolians, and 

 during the time of the Turkish wars, but the disease appeared repeatedly in that 

 country in later years. During the time of the Eussian-Turkish war, in the years 

 1827-1828, the disease was introduced from Moldaii and from Eoumania, and 

 prevailed continuously until 1842, the losses in the first two years amounting to 

 30,000 head of cattle. After the conclusion of the wars of 1848-1849 the disease 

 was almost entirely eradicated from the western part of Europe, but was brought 

 to Hungary in 1849 by the Eussian army, where it raged continuously until 1861. 

 (The loss in this period amounted to over 350,000 cattle.) After the war between 

 Austria and Prussia the plague again increased, and lasted up to 1874. From 

 the middle of the year of 1861 until the end of 1873 the total loss was 165,732 

 cattle, valued at over 8,000,000 florins; while the execution of the veterinary police 

 measures required an expenditure of over half a million of florins (Eoll). The 

 creation of the Einderpest law in 1874 finally resulted in, a complete eradication 

 of the disease in the year of 1881. 



In Eussia during some of the outbreaks more than a million cattle, in some 

 localities even 3 to 5% of the total stock, were annihilated by the disease (Jewta- 

 chiew). In more recent years it was possible, with the aid of the measures of 

 eradication adopted in 1879, to restrict the disease within narrow limits. In 

 1892 it again commenced to spread westward, but gradually diminished since 1894, 

 and since 1897 it recurs only east of the Caucasian Mountains, where it prevailed in 

 1907 in six government districts affecting 812 townships. In November, 1908, three 

 infected transports were brought from Petropawlowsk (Siberia) to the abattoir of 

 St. Petersburg, but the localization of the disease appears to have been successful. 



Einderpest occurs continuously in Turkey, and appears especially in the vicinity 

 of Constantinople, as well as on the coast of the Marmara Sea. Detailed statistics 

 of its occurrence are not available. 



The entire territory of Asia, including the East Indian groups of islands, is 

 infected; and in Asiatic Russia alone the losses in 1906 amounted to 25,093 cattle; 

 (according to Yersin the disease rages in Indo-China also among the buffaloes). 

 In 1892 the plague was carried from Corea to Japan, but in two years its successful 

 eradication was accomplished with energetic measures. 



Previous to 1864 rinderpest was known to exist in Africa only in Egypt, 

 but during the Italian invasion of 1890 it spread southward along the Nile, and 

 fnside of five years reached the South African States as well as the West African 

 Colonies of Germany. Transvaal lost 980,000 cattle in 1897, while in the Cape 

 Colony 1,300,000 animals died of the disease in the years of 1897-1898. After 

 that time the plague diminished somewhat, but gained again in severity in the years 

 of 1901 and 1904, until during recent years it has been considerably limited by the 

 persistent employment of protective vaccination. According to Littlewood the 

 disease was again introduced into Egypt from Minor Asia in June, 1903, appearing 

 in the Province Behera, where it spread with great severity, and according to 



