252 Rinderpest. 



ease; it should be of a green color, odorless, and on shaking should 

 form a white foam. An animal dead from the disease produces a 

 quantity sufficient for not more than 20-25 cattle. 



In South Africa in the years from 1896 to 1898 over 2,000,000 cattle were 

 immunized with bile with apparently satisfactory results, and according to Adani 

 it has proved beneficial in Erythraa. Bogers also found this method effective in 

 India, however only in cattle of the lowlands, since mountain cattle, which are 

 much less frequently exposed to the infection, nearly all succumbed to the disease, 

 when inoculated with virulent blood 10 days to 4% months after they had been 

 immunized with bile. (In some localities of South Africa the immunizations were 

 repeated every three months, and in spite of this deaths from the disease were 

 occasionally observed). 



Edington mixes bile (2 parts) with glycerine (1 part) and injects this mix- 

 ture subeutaneously, 20 to 25 cc. to adult cattle and 15 cc. to calves. According 

 to Turner immunity cannot be established by this method, as the glycerin kills the 

 virus contained in the bile ; Eogers likewise asserts the ineffectiveness of the addition 

 of glycerin. Filtering the bile before the injection through a porcelain filter (Turner 

 & Kolle) also reduces its immunizing action, and at best only has the advantage 

 that by this procedure bile which is no longer fresh may be utilized for immunization 

 (Eogers). Lingard on the other hand found that bile from healthy animals if 

 subeutaneously inoculated four times at several days intervals in 50 cc. doses, also 

 gave an effective immunity against subcutaneous virulent infections. 



Lingard uses instead of fluid bile a precipitate which he obtains by the 

 addition of Almen's reagent (5 g. tannin, 10.0 cc. acetic acid, and 240 cc. of 45% 

 alcohol). The precipitate which is washed in a 1% soda solution, neutralizes the 

 virus in vitro, and inoculations by this method are supposed to have given good 

 results in India even in the mountain cattle. 



Active immunization with bile and with virulent blood. In 



order to produce a more lasting immunity, Kohlstock, and later also 

 Henning & Edington injected subeutaneously virulent blood (0.2 cc.) 

 about two weeks following the bile inoculation. The animals thus 

 injected became sick, however with only a few exceptions they re- 

 covered and later proved that they possessed a lasting immunity. In 

 German South Africa this method has found extensive use, and with 

 its aid the disease was successfully eradicated in a few months at 

 the time of the severe outbreak of 1897 (Eassau). It has likewise 

 proven satisfactory in Tientsin (Asia) where of the immunized animals 

 66% showed no disease whatsoever, while 24% became only slightly 

 affected, and 10% died as a result of the inoculation (Haedicke) ; 

 Edington on the other hand observed at Kimberley great losses from 

 such combined inoculations. 



III. Immunization With Blood Serum, Semmer found in 

 1893 that blood serum from cattle which recovered from rinder- 

 pest possessed immunizing properties, and these findings have 

 since been confirmed. However such serum exerts its protective 

 action only when relatively large quantities are used (100-200 

 cc), still its action may be increased by injecting the animals 

 with large quantities of virulent blood. 



The passive immunity produced by the serum inoculation 

 only lasts from 10-21 days, and the duration cannot be increased 

 to over four months even by the use of greater quantities of 

 serum (100-200 cc). Accordingly it may be suitably applied 

 whenever, after the slaughtering of the affected animals; the 

 remaining cattle, if treated with serum, will not be likely to 

 become exposed later to the infection; further it may be used 

 where infection is threatened by outbreaks in neighboring 



