Anatomical Changes. Symptoms. 4X1 



iii places with loose, croupous, easily detachable, flat deposits, 

 under which the epithelium is desquamated, sometimes also 

 ulcerated. The ulcers may also extend into the deeper layers, 

 so that their base is formed by the periosteum; indeed, the 

 necrosis and the gangrene may even involve the bones especially 

 the ethmoid, or the turbinates. The inflammation sometimes 

 involves the cores of the horns, also the fleshy laminae of 

 the horns, as a result of which they appear reddened and juicy, 

 provided that the horns have not dropped off during life, or 

 are only loosely attached to the skin. The hemorrhagic or 

 sometimes also croupous inflammation may occur in the larynx 

 and in the trachea and in rare cases in the bronchi. Excep- 

 tionally^ a catarrhal pneumonia, and sero-fibrinous pleuritis may 

 be present. 



The buccal mucous membrane is bright red in color and 

 shows catarrhal swelling; the gums, the inner surface of the 

 lips, as well as the palate may contain round, flat deposits, with 

 underlying erosions. Similar changes are frequently present 

 in the greatly swollen mucous membrane of the pharynx, which 

 shows a gelatinous infiltration of its deeper layers. 



The eyes manifest the changes Avhich are recognizable in the 

 living animal (see p. 412). The cerebral meninges are 

 hyperemic, and saturated with a serous fluid; the ventricles 

 contain a profuse yellowish, slightly turbid or reddish exudate. 



Among other changes there is frequently an acute catarrh 

 of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestinal canal, 

 with small superficial hemorrhages, in rare cases covered with 

 fibrinous pseudo-membranes, and necrosis of the superficial 

 layers, especially on the Peyer's patches. The liquid contents 

 of the intestinal canal are frequently mixed with blood, some- 

 times also with fibrinous shreds. 



The spleen shows a moderately acute swelling, the liver 

 and the kidneys cloudy swelling; the mucous membrane of the 

 urethra shows an inflammatory reddening in its entire length, 

 and is sometimes sprinkled with punctiform hemorrhages and 

 covered with fine pseudo-membranes. The lungs are hyperemic, 

 and show acute edema, sometimes also interstitial emphysema 

 and infarcts. The lymph glands, especially in the mesentery 

 are acutely swollen; further fresh hemorrhages may be seen 

 in some cases in the subcutaneous and subserous connective 

 tissues, as well as in the muscles. 



Symptoms, Older authors (Bugnion, Franck) estimated 

 the time of incubation of the disease as from 3 to 4 weeks; it 

 extends however very probably only to several days (according 

 to Lucet it is not more than 12 hours). 



The disease commences usually with rapidly progressing 

 febrile symptoms. Within a few hours the temperature reaches 

 40°-4-2°; the heat on the body surface is unevenly distributed, 

 and the skin feels hot, especially at the base of the horns, and 

 over the cranium. The muzzle is warm and dry, the hair rough- 



