436 Avian Diphtheria and Chicken Pox. 



ing and disinfection of the coops and runs, careful examina- 

 tion and quarantine of the newly bought birds, etc., are identical 

 with those employed in fowl cholera (see p. 95). As the 

 disease has a latent development it is proper, in a threatened 

 epizootic to examine the mouths of the healthy birds from 

 time to time, and if the slightest changes in the skin or mucosa 

 are observed, the affected bird is to be at once isolated and 

 treated. 



Preventive inoculation. Manteufel succeeded in immunizing 

 chickens by injecting into the circulation or under the skin a lymph 

 that had been prepared from the scrapings of epithelioma or mucous 

 membranes mixed with saline solution. Chickens treated in this manner 

 were immune to subsequent infection for 1% to 2 years, even though 

 no local signs- of reaction followed injection. Chickens that had been 

 inoculated with mixtures of virus and bile resisted subsequent inocula- 

 tions into the comb. Serum of highly immunized chickens on the other 

 hand possessed no preventive or curative value. 



The earlier attempts at immunization, directed as they were ex- 

 clusively against baeillary infection, offer very little in view of our 

 present knowledge, and can be considered effective only against the 

 secondary infections ; however brief mention of them will be made here. 



Loir & Ducloux immunized healthy chickens by injecting subcutaneously, first 

 1.0 cc. of fresh culture of their diphtheria bacillus which had been kept at a tempera- 

 ture of 55°C. for half an hour; ten days later they injected 1.0 cc. of a two months 

 old culture. One of twenty chickens so treated, and four out of five not treated, 

 succumbed to a later virulent infection. 



Guerin found this measure noneffective in pigeons, but obtained more favorable 

 residts by injecting intraperitoneally 0.5 cc. of a culture that had been heated to 55°C. 

 for an hour. He repeated this in 12 days by employing a culture that had been 

 subjected to 50°C. only, for the same length of time. After an interval of 12 to 15 

 days the pigebns sustained a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 cc. of virulent culture with- 

 out any bad effects. The same procedure was later successfully employed on young 

 chickens. From January 1st to August 31, 1905, the Pasteur Institute in Lille sent 

 out 24,602 vaccine doses to 74 parties. Of these, 39 parties whose observations 

 encompassed 10,426 animals, declared themselves as satisfied with the results, while 

 eight rendered an unfavorable report (Eloire). 



The Behring-Eoux antitoxic serum employed in human therapy against diph- 

 theria of children and recommended by Lang and by Eloire also against bird 

 diphtheria has been proved ineffective by Harrison as well as by Gratia & Lienaux. 



Literature. Bollinger, V. A., 1873, LVIII, 39.— Lbffler, Mitt. d. G.-A., 1884, II, 

 421.— Loir & Ducloux, A. P., 1894, VIII, 599.— Marx & Sticker, D. m. W., 1902, 893; 

 1903, 79.— Streit, Z. f. Hyg., 1904, XLVI, 407.— MuUer, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1906, XLI, 621 

 (Lit.).— Burnet, A. -P., 1906, XX, 742 (Lit.).— Bordet, Ann. vet., 1907, 494.— Carn- 

 wath, Arb. d. G.-A., 1907, XXVII, 388.— Bordet & Pally, Ann. v6t., 1907, 494.— 

 Hausser, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1909, XL VIII, 535 (Lit.).— Schmidt, Ibid., 1909, LII, 200.— 

 Uhlenhuth & Manteufel, Arb. d. G.-A., 1910, XXXIII, 288 (Lit.).— Manteufel, Ibid., 

 a, 305. 



Diphtheritic inflammation of the eyes in clucks. Kampmann, 

 Hirschbrueh & Lange in Posen observed on a chicken farm during the 

 spring and fall of 1902 a peculiar disease in 100 out of 240 ducks, of 

 which 25 died, while 15 were killed and 60 recovered, while other fowls 

 remained healthy. The disease began with severe itching in the eyes 

 followed in a few days by a conjunctival inflammation with the produc- 

 tion of a yellow, thick exudate and diphtheritic pseudo-membranes, 

 to which was added an ulcerative inflammation of the cornea and a 



