494 Rabies. 



That obligatory muzzling^ at least when supported by other strict measures, 

 also gives good results has been shown by the experience in London where the 

 fatal cases in human beings immediately ceased every time after its introduction, 

 while such fatalities always occurred again when obligatory muzzling was abandoned. 

 In the same way, the cases of rabies of dogs in England varied according to 

 the enforcement or the repeal of the muzzling ordinance. (From 1890 to 1893 

 obligatory muzzling caused a reduction of cases of rabies from 312 to 129, 79, 

 and 38; from 1893 to 1896 the absence of obligatory muzzling increased the eases 

 of rabies to 93, 248, 672; since 1896 obligatory muzzling again reduced the cases 

 of rabies from 438, to 151, 17, 9 [Salmon].) 



The efficiency of suitable measures against rabies has been proved not only 

 in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, but also in Germany, where it has succeeded 

 in restricting the disease to such a degree that it is only observed to any extent 

 in the eastern border provinces of Prussia, while ill the interior of the country 

 only very circumscribed foci exist. Finally in England the disease rapidly decreased 

 and in 1903 was completely eradicated as a result of obligatory muzzling, and 

 after the importation of dogs from the continent (1897) and Ireland (1899) had 

 been prohibited or made dependent on a 6 months quarantine. Eabies has not 

 been observed in England since its eradication in 1903. 



Literature. Galtier, C. E., 1879; J. v§t., 1904, 274 and 330.^Pasteur, 1881, 

 XGII, 1259; 1882, XCVIII, 457; 1885, CI, 705; 1899, CVIII, 1228.— Eoux, A. P., 

 1888, II, 18; 1889, III, 69.— Nocard & EouXj A. P., 1888, II, 341; 1890, IV, 163.— 

 Hogyes, A. P., 1888, II, 133; 1889, III, 449.— SchafEer, A. P., 1889, III, 644.— 

 Kitt, Monh., 1890, 1, 314 (Eeview).— Johne, Z. f. Tm., 1898, II, 849.— Van Gehuehten 

 & N61is, Ann. v6t., 1900, XLIX, 243.^Vall6e, Eev. v6t., 1900, 763.— Negri, Z. f. 

 Hyg., 1903, XLIII, 507; 1904, XLIV, 519; 1909, LXIII, 421.— Eemlinger & 

 Eiffat-Bey, Soc. biol, 1903, July II.— Schiider, Z. f. Hyg., 1903, XLII, 362; A. f. 

 Tk., 1904, XXX,- 610.— Eemlinger, A. P., 1904, XVIIl, 150; 1909, XXIII, 480.— 

 Schniirer, Z. f. Hyg., 1905, LI, 46 (Lit. on immunity). — Tizzoni & Bongiovanni, 

 Cbl. f. B., 1905, XXXIX, 187; 1906, XL, 745.— Bohne, Z. f. Hyg., 1906, LII,.87 

 (Lit.).— Nitsch, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1906, XLII, 647.— Panisset, Eev. g§n., 1906, VIII, 

 113 (New lit.).— Lentz, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1907, XLIV, 374; 1908, LXII, 63.— Frosch, 

 Hb. d. p. M., 1, Ergzbd., 1907, 626.— Nicholas, J. vet., 1908, 198.— Marie, A. P., 

 1908, XXII, 271.— Standfuss, A. f. Tk., 1908, XXXIV, 109 (Lit. on Negri bodies).— 

 Fermi, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1907-1910, XLIII-LIII.— Eatz, Kongr. Haag, 1909 (Lit.).— 

 Koch & Eissling, Z. f. Hyg., 1910, LXV, 85. 



Rabies in Human Beings. In countries where rabies occurs fre- 

 quently among the animals, it is also often observed in human beings. 

 In about 90% of the cases, they are infected by the bites of dogs, while 

 in the other cases (about 7 to 8%) cats, wolves and other animals trans- 

 mit the infection. Of the persons bitten by rabid animals, about 16 to 

 20% die of rabies (according to Babes 60 to 90% die after bites of 

 wolves) mostly after bites in the face or on the hands. The period of 

 incubation is at least 13 days, usually from 20 to 60 days, and only in 

 exceptional cases is it longer than 90 days (after bites from wolves the 

 disease usually appears in the third week) . 



The syitLptoms of rabies in human beings are at first dejection, 

 itching and trembling in the bitten part, also fever; soon respiratory 

 troubles, uneasiness, difficulty in swallowing, aversion to liquids, abun- 

 dant salivation, in general increased reflex excitability, and in conse- 

 quence attacks of delirium, appear; lastly paralysis of the muscles of 

 the face, eyes, and tongue, as well as the extremities and the trunk is 

 observed. . In exceptional cases, the disease develops from the beginning 

 in the paralytic form. 



The results of the anti-rabies protective vaccination are as a rule 

 favorable since, after regularly conducted vaccination, less than 1% 

 of persons who were undoubtedly bitten by rabid animals die subse- 

 quently of rabies. _ On the whole, results are the more satisfactory the 

 earlier after the bite the vaccination begins, and, everything else being 

 equal, they are most favorable after bites ^gn the legs and body, somewhat 

 less favorable following bites on the hands, and the least so after bites on 



