544 Tuberculosis. 



disease assumes a chronic character, while if the infection was extensive, 

 acute miliary tuberculosis develops. Generalized tuberculosis is atyp- 

 ical when the organs usually attacked escape an infection from the 

 blood stream and localization of the morbid process occurs in remote 

 organs (Poppe). 



Breuer's statistics on the localization of tuberculous processes for 1900-02 

 (Budapest) give the following information: Of 28,968 cases of tuberculosis 98.6% 

 were local, 1.4% generalized. In 91% of local affections the lesions occurred in 

 one thoracic organ only, in 0.8% in one abdominal organ, in 0.2% in the tonsils 

 and the retropharyngeal glands, while in seven instances several organs were 

 affected. Of 100 eases of generalized tuberculosis the lungs were affected in 92, the 

 liver in 76, the intestines and mesenteric glands in 59, the kidneys in 57, the serous 

 membranes in 70, the spleen in 40, the udder in 22 and the uterus in 8 instances. 

 (Ostertag observed tuberculosis of the uterus in 65% of all cases of generalized 

 tuberculosis. Hensehel found uterus affection in 6.4% of all oases of hematogenic 

 origin.) — In young cattle under four years with generalized tuberculosis the spleen 

 is nearly always affected while the kidneys are free from lesions. In older cattle 

 the kidneys are attacked as frequently as the spleen (Ostertag). Meat inspection 

 statistics of the German Empire for 1905 show that 0.6% of all tuberculous cows 

 have tuberculosis of the udder, according to Bang, 2%; Ostertag, 0.5 to 1.0%; 

 MacFadyean, 1 to 2%; Williams, 3%; Vallee and Villejean, 5.3 to 6.5%; Stroh, 

 1.7%; and according to Hensehel, 2.6%. 



Acute tuberculosis (tuberculosis miliaris acuta) is confined 

 either to single organs,' particularly the lungs, or the entire 

 body may be affected. This depends upon whether the virus 

 was distributed through a vessel supplying a limited area only 

 as would be the case with a peripheral artery or with the pul- 

 monary artery, or whether it had gained access to the greater 

 circulation or the pulmonary veins. This form of the disease 

 is characterized by the presence of enormous numbers of recent 

 tubercles of approximately the same age. They are usually 

 distributed evenly through the tissues. The surrounding areas, 

 contrary to what is observed in chronic tuberculosis, are usually 

 normal in appearance. There may however be general hyper- 

 emia or indications of beginning inflammation. There is always 

 acute swelling of the lymph glands and reddening of the cortical 

 substance. 



In buffaloes the tuberculous foci (mostly in the thoracic 

 organs) are grayish-white, yellowish or entirely white and con- 

 tain remarkably soft cheesy masses. Liquefaction is rare and 

 calcification is an exceptional occurrence; pearl disease of the 

 serous membranes is equally rare (Breuer). 



In sheep and goats the tuberculous changes are in general 

 the same as in cattle. The serous membranes may contain 

 pearly tumors and the uterus may be the seat of disease just 

 as in cows. Koch and Probst have observed the formation 

 of large cavities in the lungs of these animals. Contrary to 

 the usual observations in other animals sheep do not exhibit 

 the progressive changes of necrotization, caseation and calci- 

 fication. The lesions are usually calcified and surrounded with 

 thick fibrous walls. Delmer ascertained the presence of gener- 

 alized tuberculosis in a goat six months of age and Micucci 

 observed primary intestinal tuberculosis in the sheep. 



