Immunization. 601 



requirements by triturating in a mortar with sterilized, lukewarm normal salt 

 solution, to form an emulsion. The emulsion should be prepared in two strengths. 

 That used for the first vaccination, should contain 0.004 gm. of dried culture per 

 2 cc. of fluid, while that for the second vaccination should be double this strength 

 or contain 0.004 gm. per one cc. of fluid (1 I.-U. = 0.004 of dry vaccine). These 

 emulsions are used in 2 cc. doses, i. e. 1 I.-U., for the first treatment and in 5 ce. 

 doses, i. e. 5 1 I.-U., for the second treatment, in each case injection being made 

 into the jugular vein. 



The most suitable age for vaccination is from one to four months. Calves 

 otherwise in good health are not injured in any way by the treatment. If the 

 calves are tuberculous at the time of the first treatment a reaction follows, similar 

 to that produced by tuberculin, while the second treatment gives rise to a febrile 

 reaction in healthy calves as well. After this reaction has subsided the animals 

 continue to develop and increase in weight in a normal manner. Unfavorable 

 results are obtained only in animals affected with some disease at the time of 

 treatment, especially so called calf -pneumonia. Eoemer recommends that, in addition 

 to the vaccination of calves, as soon as possible after birth all calves should be 

 fed with milk free from tubercle bacilli, and that all cows with open tuberculosis 

 should be removed' from the herd at once. Vallee & Eossignol recommend, also, 

 that calves should not be exposed to infection from the first vaccination or until 

 6 weeks after the second vaccination. 



Later Behring introduced, or recommended, a new method, Tauro-vaccina- 

 tion, in which an agent with anti-tuberculous properties (?) is added to the vaccine, 

 resulting in marked attenuation of the latter which is injected suboutaneously 

 instead of intravenously. According to LigniSres oily emulsions are better adapted 

 for vaccination than aqueous emulsions. These methods have not been applied in 

 practice. 



2. Method of Koch & Schuetz. Tauruman, a ready-for-use emulsion of 

 bacilli, (0.01 g. virulent human tubercle bacilli in emulsion) after breaking off the 

 point of the glass tube containing the vaccine, is drawn out with a hypodermic 

 syringe and injected into the jugular vein in a manner similar to that followed 

 in the use of bovo-vaceine. A second application is not made in this method. 



What has been stated in regard to immunization with bovo-vaccine might 

 also be applicable in this case. Since both vaccines contain virulent tubercle 

 bacilli the greatest caution should be observed in their manipulation (Moeller 

 reports repeated serious infection of his assistant with Tauruman). 



3. Method of Klimmer. In the "Dresden Method of Immunization to 

 Tuberculosis" emulsions of attenuated human tubercle bacilli (TH) or avirulent 

 tubercle bacilli (AV) (the latter especially for milk cows) were formerly used. 

 More recently, however, avirulent material only, known to the trade as Antiphy- 

 matol, has been in use. Of this material doses of 5 cc. are injected subcutaneously 

 on the side of the neck. The vaccine must be preserved in a cool dark place and 

 used within three weeks. Cattle may be treated from the age of three days to 18 

 months, or older animals that are frge from tuberculosis. Vaccination must be 

 repeated after three months and annually thereafter (young animals suspected of 

 being tuberculous are advantageously treated four times during the first year at 

 intervals of three months). It is recommended to protect animals from exposure 

 to infection and to feed calves previous to immunization, and for two months 

 after with milk that is free from any infection. All animals should also be sub- 

 jected to the ophthalmic tuberculin test before treatment. The non-reactors should 

 then be placed in the most favorable positions in the stables, particular care being 

 observed that healthy animals are not stabled so as to face reactors. 



4. Heymans' Method. The vaccine consists of dried human tubercle bacilli 

 enclosed in gelatinized reed sacs. The process of vaccination consists in the intro- 

 duction of one of these sacs under the skin of the croup or back by means of a 

 specially constructed trocar. 



Cattle of either sex or of any age may be vaccinated whether they are free 

 from tuberculosis or infected, but in order to obtain permanent results the vaccina- 

 tion must be repeated every year. Special hygienic measures are not necessary. 



Other Methods of Immunization. Aside from the very numerous, more 

 or less successful laboratory experiments in the immunization of small animals for 

 which purpose variously attenuated or dead tubercle bacilli as well as toxic sub- 

 stances and secretions have been chiefly used, a few other methods- that have been 

 recommended for actual practice will be briefly mentioned. 



Iiigni6res introduced subcutaneous vaccination with living human tubercle 

 baeilli into practice in Argentine. (The human tubercle bacilli were either in 



