Police Measures. (j05 



Sweden and Finland, where individual efforts on the part of owners 

 have for years received the support of legislative measures (see also 

 statistics on page 502). 



The endeavors of the Danish Government for the extermination of tubercu- 

 losis, which are worthy of emulation, began in 1903 when annual appropriations 

 of 50,000 crowns were made for the support of the work. These appropriations 

 were later increased to 100,000 crowns. At first tuberculin was furnished^ free of 

 expense for young animals only, later it was furnished for all cattle upon the 

 same basis, and beginning with 1898 the government assumed all expenses con- 

 nected with the control and extermination of the disease. The laws of 1898 

 prescribe obUgatory Pasteurization at 85° C for all skim and butter-milk intended 

 for feeding animals. This resulted in an immediate reduction in the percentage 

 of tuberculosis in calves and even more so in swine. In 1904 the prescribed 

 temperature of 85° was reduced to 80° C. The laws of 1898 also require the 

 compulsory slaughter of all cows with tuberculosis of the udder and provide com- 

 pensation to the owners. This resulted in the annual withdrawal from trade of 

 600 cows with udder tuberculosis out of a total of about one million cattle. For 

 seven years (1898-1904) the annual losses were as follows; 407, 592, 610, 584, 615, 

 583 and 689 respectively. 



In Sweden methods of extermination inaugurated in 1897 along lines similar to 

 those upon which Danish operations were based gave equally happy results. While, 

 for example, tuberculin tests of 1370 herds comprising 48,576 animals gave 14,225 

 reactors (29.3%) in the beginning of the campaign, tests of the same herds in 



1908, then comprising 57,660 animals gave only 1765 reactions (3.1%). This 

 result was obtained at a cost to the government of 830,000 crowns. 



On account of the difficulties or obstacles above discussed the compulsory 

 official destruction of all animals affected with tuberculosis has not given satis- 

 factory practical results. Thus, in Belgium, in 1895, all animals affected with 

 clinical tuberculosis, as well as all reactors to the tuberculin test were ordered 

 killed within a prescribed time. As a result, of 2,905 herds comprising 19,004 

 cattle in 1896, 9280 were slaughtered. The surprisingly enormous expense of this 

 procedure and the opposition offered by the owners brought about a modification 

 of this order so as to apply to clinically affected animals only. Even with this 

 restriction the enforcement of the order resulted in the destruction of 10,269 cattle 

 in 1902 at a cost to the state, in indemnification expenses, of about one and one 

 half million franks. In the North American State of Massachusetts a similar 

 radical attempt inaugurated in 1895 was abandoned at the end of the first year. 



The official tuberculin testing of import animals before they are permitted 

 entrance within the borders of a country, a practice in force in a number of 

 states has not been found effective except from a purely sanitary police point of 

 view. This is flue to the fact that injections of tuberculin made immediately 

 before shipment (plugging) robs the tuberculin test subsequently applied of its 

 diagnostic value. A measure of this kind is in effect along the North German 

 border for all imported cattle. While 30.8% of the 74,813 quarantine cattle 

 reacted to the tuberculin test during the first year of the enforcement of this 

 measure the percentage of reactions has fallen off heavily in the following years 

 although a considerable percent, of the animals were found tuberculous at the time 

 of slaughter. Thus, of 772,037 cattle subjected to the tuberculin test in 1899 to 

 1908 only 9,197, i. e. 1.2% reacted, although 176,554 tuberculous animals were 

 found at the subsequent slaughter of 748,628 non-reactors, i. e. 22.2%, and of 

 these 2407 were affected with generalized/ tuberculosis ( ! ) 



Literature. Villemin, Eec, 1867. 5. — Chauveau, Ibid., 1869. 202; Eev. 

 gSn., 1907. IX. 497. — Sbmmeb, D. Z. f. Tm., 1876. II. 209. — Virohow, B. kl. 

 W., 1880. Nr. 14. — Koch, B. kl. W., 1882. 221; Mitt. d. G.-A., 1884. II. 1; D. 

 m. W., 1897. 207. — Johne, D. Z. f. Tm., 1883. IX. 1 (History, with Lit.). — 

 Bang, Ibid., 1885. XL 45; 1890. XVL 353; Z. f. Tm., 1902. 81. — Hess, Schw. A., 

 1889. 155; 1896. XXXVIII. 210. — Jensen, D. Z^ £. Tm., 1891. XVII. 255 (Lit. 

 on tub. of dogs and cats). — Cadiot, La tub. du ohien. Paris. 1893 (Lit.); Monh., 

 1894. V. 97. — CADiAC, J. vSt., 1894. 723; 1905. 577; 1907. 65. — Kitt, Monh., 

 1896. VIL 216; 1905, XVL 267; 1907. XVIIL 385 (Review). — Malm, Eev. 

 de la Tub., 1898. 337. — Nocaed, Diet, de med v6t., 1892. XXI. 426; A. P., 1892. 

 VI. 44; Eec, 1090. 721. — Arloing, C. E., 1898. CXXVI. u. XXVIII; Eev. gta., 



1909. XIV. 781. — Ernst, Monh., 1900. XL 229. (Eeview on Law in Milk). 

 — FLtJGGE, Z. f. Hyg., 1901. XXXVIII. 1. — Behring, Beitr. z. exp. Ther., 1902. 

 1; D. m. W., 1903. 689; Tuberkulose, 1905. IV. 371. — Ostertag, Z. f. Hyg., 

 1901. XXXVIII. 45; Z. f. Infkr., 1910. VII. 1. — Ebbe, Z. f. Tm., 1905. IX. 81; 



