608 Tuberculosis. 



particular, should be fed exclusively on pasteurized milk on 

 account of their susceptibility to infection. 



The possible danger attending the consumption of meat 

 from tuberculous animals, though of much less consequence 

 than that attending the consumption of dairy products, may 

 be entirely overcome by a general system of obligatory meat 

 inspection. Aside from the destruction of tuberculous organs, 

 all tuberculous meat should be condemned and all suspicious 

 carcasses should be sterilized by heat before they are per- 

 mitted to be placed on sale. 



Since human beings are exposed to the danger of contract- 

 ing disease in infected stables, attendants should not remain 

 in them for longer periods than necessary and under no cir- 

 cumstances use such stables as dormitories. In dwellings, 

 adequate measures should be taken to protect residents -from 

 possible infection by tuberculous dogs and birds (parrots). 



Finally, persons employed in the care, or otherwise, of 

 tuberculous animals and in the examination of tuberculous 

 carcasses should always be on their guard in the observation 

 of ordinary precautionary measures. 



Literature. S. Cornet, Nothnagels Handbuch, 1900. XIV. 



(b) Tuberculosis of Fowls. Tuberculosis avium. Avian 



Tuberculosis. 



Hlstoxical. After Paulicki had recognized the similarity between 

 this disease in birds and tuberculosis of human beings and mammals 

 even before the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, Koch showed in 

 1882 that a disease of fowls existed which was caused by a bacillus 

 similar in its morphological and staining characteristics to the tubercle 

 bacillus. Koch as well as Ribbert looked upon the disease as identical 

 with mammalian tuberculosis and occasional observations that fowls 

 apparently became infected from the expectorations of sick persons 

 (Johne and others) seemed to confirm this view. Rivolta (1888) how- 

 ever could not succeed in his efforts at experimental infection of fowls 

 with mammalian bacilli and therefore declared tuberculosis of mammals 

 and of birds to be etiologically distinct diseases. Since this time avian 

 tuberculosis has been the subject of numerous investigations which, 

 however, have not led to uniform results and the question of the identity 

 or relationship of the two forms of disease is still an open one. While 

 Strauss and others, also the pupils of the former, Gamaleia and Wuertz, 

 and more recently Koch also stood for the non-identity of the two 

 diseases on account of the difference in virulence of the bacilli, Maffucei 

 took the same stand on the basis of the morphological and cultural 

 differences; more recently Weber & Bofinger (1904) have expressed 

 themselves as accepting the same view but Cadiot, Gilbert & Roger, 

 Fischel, Hueppe, Johne, Nocard, Behring, Roemer as well as M. Koch 

 & Rabinowitsch have taken the opposing position in claiming specific 

 identity for the two forms of bacilli (see p. 617). 



Occurrence. Avian tuberculosis occasionally appears en- 

 zootically among fowls and pigeons, causing enormous losses 



