618 • Tuberculosis. 



fection with sputum of tuberculous persons (Johne,' Nocard, Roemer, 

 Darmagnae, Siegel and others) and since Zschokke cultivated. a bacillus 

 from tuberculous fowls that had all the cultural characteristics of 

 the bacillus of mammalian tuberculosis, the possibility that fowls may 

 occasionally become infected with mammalian tuberculosis does not 

 seem excluded. 



Intravenous and intraperitoneal inoculation of cultures of mam- 

 malian tubercle bacilli does not, as a rule, produce tuberculosis in 

 fowls. Contrary to the numerous negative results of , experimental 

 inoculations Cadiot, Gilbert & Roger have obtained positive results 

 in 10% in all cases where they simultaneously fed tuberculous organs 

 or injected horse serum into the tissues of the fowls. Furthermore, 

 Fisehel obtained positive results with intraocular, and Courmont ^ 

 Dor by subcutaneous administration. Finally, 0. Bang produced fatal 

 tuberculosis in fowls in three cases by intravenous inoculation and 

 in one case by subcutaneous inoculation of bovine strains of bacilli. 

 He found also that 12 out of 18 strains of bovine bacilli were more 

 or less virulent for fowls. 



Mature mammals, with the exception of rabbits, guinea pigs and 

 mic§, are either only slightly susceptible or entirely immune to avian 

 tubercle bacilli. Nocard, however, found bacilli in several cases of 

 abdominal tuberculosis of horses that resembled avian tubercle bacilli 

 in their cultural characteristics as well as in their pathogenicity while 

 0. Bang demonstrated that very young mammals (colts, calves, Kds) 

 are very susceptible to the avian virus, becoming Effected ^ with acute 

 tuberculosis after intestinal infection (see p. 608). Mohler & Wa;shburn 

 also succeeded in infecting swine with material obtained diteetly from 

 chickens. Bacilli of the avian type have also been found in the sputum 

 of tuberculous persons (Straus, Nocard, Kruse, Loewenstein; Rabino- 

 witsch obtained cultures from a man that died from generalized tuber- 

 culosis) also in apes (Fisehel, Rabinowitsch), in the tuberculous lungs 

 of cattle (Sanfelice, Kruse, Pansini) as well as in the caseous lymph 

 glands of a pig (Weber & Boflnger), while Karlinski produced tuber- 

 culosis of the tracheal glands, diaphragm and spleen of a goat after 

 intravenous injection of avian material. On the other hand, Hueppe 

 cultivated bacilli identical with human bacilli from a pheq^ant and 

 from a fowl. Tuberculosis of parrots, however, is in most instances 

 caused by human tubercle bacilli. 



The specific virulence of avian tubercle bacilli- is rather constant 

 and is not easily altered. Thus Weber & Boflnger were unable to 

 increase by passage through guinea pigs the, virurence J of bacilli from 

 fowls sufficiently to approach that of mammalian bacilli. tSimilarly, 

 the attempts of Kossel, Weber & Heuss to transform avian tubercle 

 bacilli into mammalian bacilli by continued cultivation or growth in 

 the bodies of mammals were unsuccessful. On the other haiid, how- 

 ever, Cadiot, Gilbert & Dor produced a virus by oft repeated, passage 

 of avian bacilli through guinea pigs that would cause lesions very 

 similar to those of human tuberculosis and was also virulent fbr dogs 

 and no longer pathogenic for fowls. M. Koch & RabinoWitsch also 

 succeeded, by cultivation continued for years, .in giving an avian strain 

 the appearance of human bacilli. Nocard succeeded by three dr-four 

 Jfassages of human tubercle bacilli through chickens in tra;nsfbrming 

 them into a strain that would produce disease in fowls. These results 

 have recently been conflrmed by careful experiments' conducted by 

 0. Bang who succeeded in transforming bacilli of the human and 



