642 Paratuberciilosis of Cattle. 



0. Bang found (except in advanced cases) that tuberculin of 

 this kind when applied subcutaneously, would produce an ele- 

 vation of temperature up to 41.0° C, frequently attended with 

 great depression, diminished milk yield, chills and diarrhea. 

 While tuberculous cattle always react to this treatment the 

 condition may be differentiated by an application of mammalian 

 tuberculin either before or after the use of the avian material. 

 However, this disease, especially in its more pronounced form, 

 is hardly ever associated with tuberculosis. 



The suspicion expressed by Bang that . the disease in 

 England is frequently confused with gastro-intestinal strongu- 

 losis seems, according to Meyer, not to hold with respect to 

 so called cold gangrene (Kaltbrandigkeit) observed in Switzer- 

 land and the presence of filaria in the stomach and intestines 

 does not necessarily exclude paratuberculous enteritis since 

 these two diseases, particularly in the more serious affections, 

 may co-exist. 



Prevention. Since all attempts to treat the disease medi- 

 cinally have led to unsatisfactory results, and since means for 

 immunization are unknown, the best course to pursue with our 

 present state of knowledge is the isolation and destruction of 

 affected animals as soon as possible after recognition of the 

 disease, thorough cleansing of the stables and raising the off- 

 spring on new or uninfected pastures. This is usually attended 

 by more or less success. 



Literature. Johne & Frothiugham, D. Z. f. Tm., 1895. XXI. 438. — Markus. 

 Z. f. Tm., 1904. VIII. 68. — Lienaux & Van der Eeckhout, Ann., 1905. LIV. 65; 

 1906. LV. 84. — Lienaux, Ibid., 190.O. LIV. 598. — Bourgeaud, Schw. A., 1905. 

 XLIV. 221 — Bongert, D. t. W., 1906. 2.31. — Bang, B. t. W., 1906. 759. — 

 Mae Fadyean, J. of comp. Path., 1907. XX. 48 — Meyer, Arb. d. Seruminstituts 

 Bern 1908. — Stum-man, Miessner, Kongr. Haag 1909. 



4. Actinomycosis. Lump Jaw, Big Jaw. 



Actinomycosis is a non-contagious infectious disease of 

 cattle, occasionally affecting other domestic animals and man, 

 which naanifests itself either in the appearance of connective 

 tissue tumors or in chronic processes of suppuration and is 

 caused by the Eay fungus, Streptothrix actinomyces. 



History. The Ray fungus has been known since the middle of the 

 last century and demonstrated by a number of authors; in man, in 

 the contents of chronic abscesses (Langenbeck, 1845 ; Lebert, 1848 ; 

 Laboulbene, 1853; Robin, 1871), in diseased maxillae (Davaine, 1850; 

 Rivolta, 1868; Perrbncito, 1875), and in woody tongue in cattle (Hahn, 

 1870).. Its etiological significance, however, was not demonstrated 

 until 1877 (Bollingers' work on Actinomycosis of the Jaw of Cattle). 

 After the botanist Harz demonstrated the fungus nature of the cause 

 of this disease, the latter assumed greater prominence through the works, 

 •f Israel (1878) and Ponfick (1880) who found this fungus also in 



