708 Glanders. 



inoeulation a circumscribed swelling develops, and 4 to 7 days thereafter an ulcei 

 appears; subsequently to this similar nodes and ulcers appear in other portions of 

 the body, and finally the lesions of nasal glanders make their appearance. Fol- 

 lowing rapid progressive emaciation the animals die, with few exceptions, on the 

 5th to the 12th day after inoculation. On post-mortem examination the lungs, 

 spleen, testes, etc., are found to contain nodules; bacilli may also be demonstrated 

 in the blood. (Young cats are particularly recommended as suitable subjects for 

 inoculation.) 



Dogs, especially young dogs, are also adapted for experimental inoculation 

 (Puetz, Galtier, Gruenwald, etc.). After the application (by rubbing) of the nasal 

 discharge of a glandered horse to the scarified skin at the forehead, ulceration may 

 be observed on the 3rd to the 4th day; in the majority of cases recovery takes place, 

 although in some instances general infection may result, leading to the formation 

 of miliary nodules in the lungs, spleen, etc. 



Finally field mice and a certain species of arvicola may be used for diagnostic 

 inoculations (Kitt), but only in cases where the inoculating material is known, 

 beforehand, to be free from foreign admixtures. ' 



Technic of Inoculation. The most expedient^ method of inoculating horses 

 and asses is to insert the suspected material or secretion into the nasal mucous 

 membrane by means of an inoculating needle or applying it directly to a portion 

 of the mucous membrane that has previously been prepared by rubbing with a 

 piece of coarse linen. Inoculation of the skin is less reliable because the resulting 

 nodule not infrequently heals before definite results are obtained. The subcutaneous 

 injection of a larger mass of secretion mixed with water is more apt to produce 

 results. 



If pure material is at our disposal, guinea pigs are best infected by intra- 

 peritoneal injection, otherwise (in the use of nasal secretion or material from a con- 

 taminated ulcer) the subcutaneous or intramuscular method is better. Under the 

 first named conditions a small quantity of the suspected material is thoroughly 

 ground up in a mortar with distilled water, filtered through a sterile piece of linen 

 and then injected with a hypodermic syringe into the abdominal cavity; in sub- 

 cutaneous inoculation the hair is clipped from a small area on one side of the 

 abdomen, an incision is made through the skin and a small pocket formed with the 

 end of the scalpel handle, whereupon a small particle of the suspected tissue (as 

 large as a lentil) is inserted and the skin firmly pressed into place; the intra- 

 muscular inoculation consists in the injection of an emulsion, prepared as above 

 described, into the muscles of the thigh (according to Aruch & Savarese lesions 

 are produced more rapidly by this method than by subcutaneous infection). If at 

 all possible several animals should be inoculated, and preferably males. 



Cats receive subcutaneous injections of the emulsion, while dogs may be infected 

 by insertion of a seton saturated with the suspected material into the subcutis of 

 the back of the neck (Puetz, Galtier), or the skin of the forehead may be scarified 

 by means of superficial incisions and the material applied directly (Nocard). A 

 more practical method consists in the injection of the suspected material, after dilu- 

 tion with sterilized water, into a joint, a serous cavity or under the skin (Balitzky). 



Allergic Mallein Reactions, Infection with, glanders pro- 

 duces a peculiar allergic condition of the animal body very- 

 similar to that observed in tuberculosis (see p. 574). This 

 condition manifests itself by an increased susceptibility to the 

 toxins of the disease-producing organism. This byper-sensitive- 

 ness is made use of for diagnostic purposes by administering 

 the toxin of the bacillus of glanders to the suspected animals 

 in question, and the resulting positive or negative reaction is 

 looked upon as an index of the presence or absence of infec- 

 tion, as the case may be. 



Mallein constitutes the antigen or inoculating material. 

 It is prepared from the cultures of glanders bacilli and is in- 

 jected into the subcutaneous connective tissue' or applied to 

 the conjunctiva. 



