714 Glanders. 



tiating several diseases from glanders which had formerly been confused with that 

 affection. Thomassen in the Netherlands, MacFadyean and Wright in England, 

 Wirtz in Holland, Heyne, DieckerhofE & Lothes, Johne, Edelmann, Piel and Schlegel 

 in Germany, Kowalewski in Eussia, Babes and Eortuna in Koumania, Schweinitz & 

 Kilborne in America, Hoogkamer & de Haan in Lower India, and Schniirer in 

 Austria have all expressed themselves definitely in favor of the diagnostic value 

 of mallein. 



The opposite view has been championed by Schiitz, who in 1884 conducted 

 54 autopsies on horses, of which 15 reacted to the extent of 1.5° to 2.5° C, while 

 7 gave a reaction of 1.0° C. to 1.4° C. (the temperature curve and the highest 

 post injection temperature were not reported). In the high reactions, as well 

 as in a portion of the others, post-mortem examination revealed only hard nodules, 

 aside from other immaterial changes, and in one case cheesy masses, wMle in several 

 others there were gray maculae (?), and in one yellow foci in the peribronchial 

 lymph glands. In another instance, among 4 horses which reacted out of a total 

 number of 6, post-mortem examination in three showed calcified foci in the lungs, 

 the liver and the peribronchial lymph glands (!) In one case there was induration 

 of the pulmonary tissue with muco-purulent foci. In " 1898, 42 horses were tested 

 with Preusse's mallein; 9 of these gave a reaction of 1.5° C. or more (in two this 

 was followed by a temperature exceeding 40.0°, in three only to 39.5°). In these 

 horse glanders could not be demonstrated, while three horses that were affected 

 with chronic glanders gave no reactions (the temperatures were recorded only up 

 to the 14th hour. On the other hand the post-mortem diagnosis was confirmed by 

 microscopical examination). In addition to the above, Olt, Eobeis, Poetschke, 

 Schoeneck and others have expressed themselves against the diagnostic value of 

 mallein in practically all cases, basing their views on limited observation. (In Olt's 

 experiments it is reported that nine glanderous horses did not react, while three 

 healthy horses gave positive reactions.) 



In Hungary (1897 to 1901) 570 horses were killed on account of the disease 

 or suspicion of it and positive reaction to the mallein test; of these 536, i. e., 94%, 

 were found affected with glanders at post-mortem examination conducted under 

 unfavorable conditions. In 1902 to 1908, 1,385 horses were officially destroyed on the 

 strength of positive reactions to the mallein test and suspicion of disease, 1609 

 were destroyed on the ground of positive reaction to the test and suspicion of 

 infection or exposure; in the first group 1,313, i. e., 94.8%, in the second 1,447, i. e., 

 89.9% showed anatomical lesions of glanders at post-mortem examination. 



Technic of the Subcutaneous Mallein Test. The mallein is prepared in a 

 manner similar to that followed in the preparation of tuberculin (see page 574). 

 Since the normal temperature of horses does not exceed 38° C, it is recommended 

 that the test be applied in such cases only where the body temperature does not 

 exceed 38.5° at the time. Fluid crude mallein should be diluted before injection 

 (in case this has not been done by the manufacturer) with 9 parts of a %% solu- 

 tion of carbolic acid. 



The diagnostic dose of Preusse's mallein or of Preisz's potato mallein is 0.50 

 gm;, that of Eoux's condensed bouillon 0.25 gm., that of Johne 's uncondensed 

 (10 X diluted) mallein 5.0 gm., that of Poth's dry mallein. 0.10 gm., that of 

 Russian mallein and Babes' morvin 1.0 gm. for each injection. 



In positive reactions the temperature usually reaches its maximum at the 

 12th to the 15th hour after injection; in view of the possibility of a late reaction 

 (see page 712) temperature readings should be made up to or beyond the 21st 

 hour. Tatray observed in 395 cases of typical reactions (his observations, how- 

 ever, extending only to the 21st hour) that the maximum temperature occurred in 

 two instances in the sixth hour; in 74 instances in the ninth hour; in 174 in the 

 12th; 114 in the 15th; 23 in the 18th, and in 8 instances in the 21st hour after the 

 injection. According to Calinescu, the intravenous injection of the mallein (0.02 

 gm. morvin) results in a reaction in the 5th hour. 



Although glanderous horses will, as a rule, react to repeated injections of 

 mallein, it is recommended in cases where doubtful results have been obtained (in 

 order to evade every criticism) not to repeat the test until the expiration of 4 

 weeks. In an emergency the test might be repeated after 15 days. 



2. Ophthalmic Mallein Test (Ophthalmoreaction, conjunc- 

 tival reaction). Following observations on the action of tuber- 

 culin on the conjunctiva and the skin of tuberculous persons 

 and cattle (see p. 583) similar experiments were made on 

 glanderous and healthy horses with mallein. The results of 

 the latter experiments, however, can not as yet be judged prop- 



