724 Glanders. 



that of horses affected with other infectious diseases. The value of this method 

 has not as yet been confirmed by others. 



Fursenko tested, the blood of 25 horses for opsonins and obtained 23 positive 

 and two doubtful reactions. The results were better than those obtained with 

 mallein or with the agglutination test. 



Differential Diagnosis. From a differential diagnostic 

 point of view the following diseases should be considered in 

 connection with nasal glanders; chronic nasal catarrh may- 

 arouse suspicion of glanders when the nasal discharge persists 

 for a long time and there is enlargement of the submaxillary 

 glands ; in this disease, however, the nasal discharge is always 

 bilateral, the tumefied lobules of the submaxillary gland may 

 be distinctly palpated, the nasal mucous membrane usually con- 

 tains no nodules, catarrhal ulcers, which may be present, never 

 exceed the size of lentils, are circular and regular in outline, 

 have sharp borders and smooth, bright red bases, while proper 

 treatment results in recovery. Although occlusion of the 

 afferent ducts .of the mucous glands in the course of simple 

 catarrh may cause the formation of nodules as large as lentils, 

 these persist for a long time without ulcerative degeneration. — 

 Croupous inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane is at- 

 tended by acute symptoms, the nasal mucous membrane is much 

 tumefied, highly reddened and appears to be covered with ex- 

 tensive membranous masses, the bright red mucous membrane 

 beneath bleeding at the slightest touch ; the submaxillary glands 

 which are usually swollen show increased heat and pain. — 

 Rhinitis chronica proliferans, and so called rhinoscleroma are 

 confined to the lower portions of the nasal cavity; in these 

 conditions cicatricial induration of the mucous membrane as 

 well as catarrhal ulcers may be present, while the mucous mem- 

 brane above as well as that of the turbinated bones is normal. 

 The submaxillary glands do not show the characteristic firm 

 enlargement. — Ulcers and scars of traumatic origin are usually 

 found near the nasal fossa on the septum; the ulcers have a 

 red actively granulating base, the scars usually being elongated, 

 or angular, flat, rarely bulging in character ; the lymph glands 

 show nothing abnormal. — Cauterization of the nasal mucous 

 membrane with lime may produce extensive ulceration but the 

 submaxillary glands are not involved. 



Petropawlowski called attention to the fact that mineral- and 

 coal-dust may produce an ulcerous inflammation of the nasal mucous 

 membrane and Jewensko observed a severe inflammation of the nasal 

 mucous membrane in the horses of a regiment of dragoons in Ismail, 

 after feeding with dusty fodder, as a result of which 200 horses were 

 destroyed on account of suspected glanders ! 



Very obstinate catarrhal conditions may also be produced by 

 pentastoma and by gastruslarvae. In old horses chondromalasia may 

 be confused with glanders. In this disease the nasal septum may 

 contain ulcers with pronounced ragged borders and nodules of various 

 sizes while the cartilage contains cavities filled with a glassy, mucous 

 mass (Petropawlowski). 



