Malaria of Man. 



797 



Leishman have observed their transformation into trypanosome-like 

 flagellates m blood mixed with sodium citrate, and for this reason 

 Donovan himself placed the parasites under the genus Herpetomonas. 

 Blood-sucking bugs are supposed to transmit the natural infection to 

 man. Similar bodies were found by Nicolle & Comte in a dog, and 

 NicoUe is also supposed to have succeeded in infecting dogs artificially 

 with splenic blood from man; Patton and Donovan however had abso- 

 lutely negative results. (Mathis & Leger also report a leucocytozoon 

 in a Chinese dog). 



The parasites of endemic boil disease, (Delhi or Aleppo boils), dis- 

 covered by Wright and named Helcosoma tropicum, later as Leishmania 

 tropica, are similar to the Leishman bodies. 



Literature. LGhe, Handb. d. Tropenkrankh., 1906. III. 202. -^ Leishman, 

 ibid., S. 521. — Donovan, J. of trop. Med., 1909. XII. 



Malaria of Man. This disease, which occurs in all parts of the 

 world in marshy localities, and in an especially severe form in the 

 tropics, is caused by a blood parasite the malaria pasmodium, discovered 

 by Laveran (1880), which differs entirely from the piroplasma of 

 animals. According to the duration of their asexual development, on 

 which also the appearance of the recurring attacks of fever depend, 

 Tertiana, Quartana and Perniciosa parasites are distinguished, which 

 correspond with each other in that besides their multiplication in the 

 red blood corpuscles of man by schizogony, they also multiply sexually 

 in mosquitoes (Anopheles-species). By the inoculation of young forms 

 (sporozoites) of the parasites, with the saliva of mosquitoes into human 

 blood, where they continue to propagate, a brief febrile attack sets in 

 after each development of a generation of the parasite which is mani- 

 fested by chills, then fever, and perspiration. As at each attack a 

 number of red blood corpuscles are destroyed, an anemic condition de- 

 velops gradually which in severe cases increases to a pronounced 

 cachexia; in the tropics however febrile attacks may result in early 

 death under manifestations of hemoglobinuria, (black water fever). 

 The disease is combatted successfully with preparations of quinine. 

 (Ziemann, Menses Handb. d trop.. Krankheiten, 1906. III. 269; — 

 Ruge, Hb. d. p. M., Ergzsbd., 1907. 85.) 



2. Trypanosome Diseases. 



{Trypanosomiases , Trypanoses.) 



Investigations during the last three decades have proved 

 that various tropical diseases of domestic animals and also of 

 man are caused by blood parasites of the flagellate class of 

 protozoa, the so-called trypanosomes or trypanozpa. In the 

 thorough investigation of these parasites in various localities 

 as well as in different species of animals, and in various dis- 

 eases, certain differences, though of slight significance, have 

 been established in their morphology, and especially in their 

 pathogenicity, which led to the classification of a number of 

 not always distinctly characteristic forms of trypanosomes or 



