Anatomical Changes. 821 



cases edematously swollen ; the layers of the tunica propria are 

 adherent by tough connective tissue in their entire extension 

 or only in parts, or they may be covered by shredded granula- 

 tions, while the cavity contains a clear or slightly clouded 

 serous fluid. In rare eases small purulent foci are also found 

 in the tissues of the te^ielgs or between the pseudo-membranes, 

 otherwise the tissue of the testicles and the epididymis appears 

 unchanged, although the cord may show gelatinous infiltrJa- 

 tion. In mares the tis^^xeof the udder and the vulva may some- 

 times show an edem^foiis infiltration or sclerotic thickening. 

 On the glans penis, alsSVoii the mucous membrane of the urethra 

 near the outside orifige, in mares on the mucous membrane of 

 the vaginal opening ^nd the vulva, spots freed from pigments 

 may be observed, as .well as fine or thick radiating shrunken 

 cicatrices. The lymph glands, especially those in the region 

 of the genital organs',' 9.re ' swollen, soft, and show on the cut 

 surface a moist glistj^ning appearance. 



The muscles, esp^eii'ally those of the croup and of the pos- 

 terior extremities are pale red, in places intermixed with butter- 

 yellow stripes and h^raorrhages, or with blackish-red or yel- 

 lOwish-red areas. Thg capsular ligaments of some joints are 

 reddened, the cartilage^ of the epiphyses are ulcerated, while 

 the synovial fluid appears cloudy and reddish-gray in color. 

 The intra- and intermuscular connective tissue shows serous 

 infiltration or may be changed in places into cicatricial tissue. 



The internal organs show pronounced anemia and edema- 

 tous infiltration, sometimes a hypostatic pneumonia or mani- 

 festations of a general septic infection. In cases which have 

 had a rapid course, an acute swelling of the spleen and of 

 the IjTuph glands may also be present. Frohner describes a 

 thrombosis of several peripheral arteries by masses of leuco- 

 cytes as a rare lesion. 



According to the descriptions of older authors portions 

 of the spinal cord, especially*' in the lumbar section, contain 

 softened areas in the gray substance, besides small punctiform 

 hemorrhages ; as a matter of fact however changes visible with 

 the naked eye may be entirely absent, even in cases with fatal 

 termination. The meninges of the spinal cord may in parts 

 contain smeary, friable masses. The larger nerve branches, 

 especially those of the extremities, are either serously infiltrated 

 or changed into connective tissue cords, which are strongly 

 adherent to the intra- or intermuscular connective tissue. 



The histological examination of the nervous system (Marek) in the chronic 

 cases shows in the extra-spinal nerve trunks, and most pronounced in the nerves 

 of the posterior extremities, sometimes also in some of the cerebral nerves (V., VII. 

 pair) a cellular infiltration, degeneration and atrophy of some of the nerve fibres, 

 and an increase of nuclei of the endoneurium. These changes reach the highest 

 degree near the sensory ganglia and in the facial nerve in the Fallopian canal. The 

 nerve cells of the inter-vertebral ganglia in general, especially in the lumbar 

 portion of the spinal canal, show an atrophy, chromatolysis, sclerosis, and peripheral 

 displacement of the nuclei, while the connective tissue of the nerve fibres, which 

 shows round cell infiltration, has partially disappeared. The peri- and endoneural 



