Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention. §37 



Treatment and Prevention. Ehrlich & Shiga found trypan 

 red effective in experiments on mice against the trypanosomes 

 of Mai de caderas. For practice however no satisfactory method 

 of treatment is known. 



In consideration of the fact that the mode of natural in- 

 fection is stiirunknown, no certain preventive measures can 

 be established. Nevertheless keeping the solipeds from marshy 

 pastures, and the destruction of affected horses, may prove 

 beneficial. 



Literature. Elmassian & Migone, A. P., 1903, XVII. 241 u. 1904. XVIII. 587. 

 — Voges, Z. f. Hyg., 1902. XXXIX.' 323. — Lignieres, Bull., 1903. 51. 



Other Trypanosome Diseases. Besides the affections considered 

 above other diseases of domestic animals have been described, the classi- 

 fication of which however is at present still doubtful. The most im- 

 portant will be set forth briefly in the following : 



1. Gambia Fever of Horses. This is caused by the trypanosome 

 dimorphon discovered by Button & Todd in Senegambia. It occurs in 

 the blood of horses shortly after infection in a short tadpole form, and 

 in the latter stages in a longer, more slender form, in both of which the 

 plasma extends almost to the anterior end of the flagella. The clinical 

 symptoms resemble those of nagana, only subcutaneous edema is absent 

 (for treatment see p. 802). 



The transmission of the parasite is supposed to occur by the Clos- 

 sina palpalis. In recent times the same trypanosome has been demon* 

 strated in different localities of Africa, not only in horses, but also in 

 other domestic animals, as the cause of an affection which is mostly 

 chronic (Laveran & Mesnil, C. R. 1904. CXXXVIII. 732). 



2. Zousfana. Observed by Szewczyk and Rennes in Algeria in 

 solipeds, and attributed to a particular trypanosome similar to the Tr. 

 sudanense. The disease runs a chronic course, with symptoms of anemia 

 and hemoglobinuria, but without edema. Possibly identical with nagana 

 or surra. (Szewczyk, Bull., 1903. 220.— Rennes, Ibid., 1907. 298.) 



3. Soumaya (Souma). Described by Cazalbou as a disease of 

 horses in the French Sudan and supposed to occur also among mules, 

 cattle and sheep in the upper valley of the Niger and the adjoining 

 territories. Its cause, the Trypanosoma Cazalboui, was described as a 

 new species, its nucleus being placed near the rounded posterior end. 

 Dogs and small test animals are not susceptible. According. to Buffard 

 it is also virulent for cattle, and is transmitted by stomoxys flies. Symp- 

 toms in horses are anemia, swellings of the skin and weakness of the 

 hind parts. The course is sometimes acute, covering about 50 days, at 

 other times it may extend over a year. Thiroux & Teppaz reported good 

 results from treatment with atoxyl and auripigment, or with auripig- 

 ment alone. (Cazalbou, Acad, de med., 1904. — ^Laveran, A. P., 1907, 

 XXI., 325.— Buffard, Soc. biol., 1907, 71.— Thiroux & Teppaz, C. R., 

 1908, CXL, 651.) 



4. Baleri. Occurs quite frequently among solipeds in certain lo- 

 calities in the Sudan, with symptoms of fever, infiltration of the skin, 

 anemia, emaciation, and muscular weakness. Its course is from 3-4 



