974 Scurvy. 



occur among domestic animals, especially dogs, although the disease 

 only rarely reaches its .complete development. According to the ob- 

 servations of "Weber, Schupp and Wolf, the scurvy of hogs does not 

 really correspond with the actual scurvy, but rather with purpura. 



Etiology. In the occurrence of scurvy in hogs the benign 

 urticaria appears to be of essential importance. Weber noted 

 the disease in about 5% of all pigs, from 3-6 months old, which 

 he examined, almost all of which had passed through an attack 

 of benign urticaria about four weeks previously, probably after 

 an infection with erysipelas bacilli, and also in the cases of 

 chronic erysipelas of hogs which have been described by Cor- 

 nevin, Hess and Eisenmann, Predisposing factors are excessive 

 attempts at improving the species, one-sided feeding especially 

 with spoiled fodder, bad hygienic conditions, such as confine- 

 ment in damp, badly ventilated, dirty stables, insufficient exer- 

 cise ; a severe and damp climate also seems to be of importance. 



In dogs the disease develops occasionally after continued 

 feeding with spoiled food-stuffs, especially spoiled meat. 



It is thus probable that the disease of domestic animals 

 described as scurvy has a toxic-infectious origin. 



Anatomical Changes. Punctiform or striated, or then, more 

 extensive hemorrhages are particularly noticeable in the skin, 

 the subcutaneous and even the intramuscular connective tissue, 

 in the mucous and serous membranes, in the joints, within the 

 skull, etc., while the gums show destructive ulceration. The 

 parenchymatous organs show evidences of fatty degeneration. 

 The spleen is often much enlarged and softened. The lymph 

 nodes, especially of the mesentery, are swollen and hyperemic. 

 The blood is not infrequently pale red and thin fluid. 



Symptoms. In hogs the disease commences in some cases 

 with the signs of gradually progressing anemia and emaciation, 

 the animals being less lively, moving reluctantly, eating but little 

 while they drink much water. In other cases the trouble begins, 

 without any preliminary symptoms, with bleeding (Weber). In 

 the skin there appear hemorrhagic spots which may be as large 

 as a one-cent piece and which become more and more numerous, 

 so that at the height of the disease the animals look as though 

 sprinkled with blood. Extensive hemorrhages occur in the skin 

 and subcutis of the ear, even on slight external causes such as 

 taking hold of the ears of the animals. The bristles become 

 loose and are easily torn out, the root-ends being surrounded 

 by a drop of blackish blood (bristle-red). This symptom seems 

 to occur less frequently or not at all in the improved breeds of 

 pigs with fine hair ; for instance, ' it was absent in the cases 

 observed by Weber and Schupp. In the further course the 

 bluish-red hemorrhagic spots in the skin may change into nodes, 

 vesicles and even ulcers. Simultaneously with the changes in 

 the skin hemorrhages occur also in the mucous membranes, 



