982 Uremia. 



urine and sometimes coagulated blood. In far advanced cases there 

 are evideUces of general anemia. 



Symptoms, The urine is light or dark red-brown in color; it 

 furnishes a copious precipitate or red blood corpuscles and coagula, 

 with which are mingled white blood cells, bladder epithelia, and rarely 

 also renal epithelia if catarrh of the bladder or nephritis have occurred 

 secondarily. The formation of good-sized coagula, and the obstruction 

 of the urethra by them, frequently causes temporary retention, more 

 often in male than in female cattle. The general condition is disturbed 

 only later in consequence of anemia or through perforation of the 

 bladder which occurs occasionally, likewise more frequently in male 

 animals. 



The course is always chronic, extending over weeks, months and 

 even years. It is not rare to observe intermissions of variable duration 

 (especially in cows far advanced in pregnancy the condition is strikingly 

 improved after parturition [ Anacker] ) . Permanent cures are the 

 exception; usually the animals must be killed. 



Treatment consists in vigorous feeding; if possible the food shotild 

 not be very voluminous. In cows irrigation of the bladder with 

 astringent and styptic solutions may be considered. 



Literature. Delacroix, Ann., 1905. 244. — Gotz, Schio. A., 1906. XLVIII. 1 

 (Lit.). — Lienaux, Ann., 1905. 185. 



3. Uremia. 



Etiology. In the course of severe, acute or chronic in- 

 flammation of the kidney, also in consequence of certain dis- 

 eases of the urinary passages (obstruction of ureters, arrest- 

 ment of a urinary calculus in the neck of the bladder or in 

 the urethra, bilateral hydronephrosis, paralysis of the bladder, 

 stenosis of the urethra, etc.) in which the discharge of the 

 urine from both kidneys is impeded, and thereby the function 

 of the kidneys is disturbed, there develops a peculiar train of 

 symptoms which is referable particularly to an involvement 

 of the central nervous system and of the digestive organs. 



The nature of uremia is not known definitely. It is generally 

 assumed that it develops owing to the retention, in the blood, of all 

 or most of the solid constituents of the urine. 



For a long time such a pathogenic action was attributed especially to urea, 

 but since it was not possible to produce the clinical picture of uremia artificially 

 by the intravenous injection of urea, Frerichs expressed the opinion that tho 

 retained urea is transformed by the action of a supposed ferment into carbonate 

 of ammonia and that the intoxication is produced immediately by this substance. 

 Voit on the other hand assumed the retention of all N-containing urinary constituents, 

 Landois believed that the extractives (especially creatinin) and salts were retained' 

 according to the last named author the respective substances exert their harmful 

 action immediately upon the easily irritated cerebral cortex.-r-Traube attempted 

 to explain the occurrence of uremia upon a purely mechanical basis by assuming 

 that in kidney disease the blood pressure is increased, and that the blood is diluted 

 through a retention of water, in consequence of which edema, and after it anemia 



