Symptoms. 1095 



quite clear or together with a very faint transmitted murmur ; 

 the systohc murmur reaches its greatest intensity in the right 

 3d-4th intercostal spaces toward the middle of the lower third of 

 the chest. (Fig. 194.1.) The diastolic sound is either of normal 

 intensity or frequently becomes weaker and in such eases the 

 pulse becomes feeble and small. The veins are filled strongly; 

 the jugular veins appear as thick cords and show a systolic 

 (positive) pulsation following immediately upon the heart beat, 

 which may, however, not be perceived owing to a long hair coat, 

 especially in dogs. If the auricle could not remove its entire 

 blood content, owing to its rapidly diminished functioning 

 power a certain amount of blood is forced at each systole from 



Fig. 190. Gardio- and Fhlehigraph of a horse tcith insufflciency of the iicuspid and 

 tricuspid valves. A Cardiograph. Instead of the elevation which occurs normally 

 at the beginning of ventricular systole, a descending line is noted { a — c ) , due to the 

 omission of the closure of the right ventricle; the line is interrupted by a small 

 apex (6) which corresponds to the systole of the left ventricle. At the beginning 

 of ventricular diastole (c — d) the pressure in the ventricles suddenly increases. B 

 Phlebigraph. a negative venous pulse; ;8 positive venous pulse; 7 carotid pulse; 

 5e rapid emptying of the jugular vein at the beginning of the ventricular diastole. 



the right ventricle into the right auricle and from this into the 

 vena cava. By the regurgitation of the blood into the venae 

 cavae a systolic wave is produced and is continued to the jugu- 

 lar veins. The systolic venous pulse represents a pathognomic 

 phenomenon of tricuspid insufficiency, but it must not be con- 

 founded with the presystolic (negative) pulsation, which also 

 occurs in this heart lesion and precedes the heart beat, or with 

 the pulsation of the carotis. Venous stasis leads soon to 

 edemas. 



(h) Stenosis of the Right Auriculo- Ventricular Opening. 



A narrowing of the right auriculo-ventricular opening 

 interferes with the flow of the blood from the right auricle into 

 the ventricle, thus causing slight hypertrophy and at the same 

 time a considerable dilatation of the right auricle. Owing to 

 the latter cause blood-stasis occurs in the venae cavae from the 

 beginning and is continued toward the periphery. On the other 

 ]aand the other portions of the heart receive less blood and 



