LAWS GOVERNING THE BREEDING 
the hackle of the male and can be avoided if prop- 
er care is taken in selecting breeding males free 
from this defect. 
Shafting, brickiness and pencilings are close- 
ly related, because all males of penciled breeds 
have a black stripe in hackle where shafting 
springs from. Brickiness is allied to the red 
plumage of many penciled breeds and again proves 
broken laws when these defects are found in 
stippled breeds; therefore the deductions are that 
a breeding male of a stippled variety must have 
no light shaft to hackle and must have a solid 
black breast; that the females must be free from 
inclinations to pencilings, shafting or brick and 
have clean salmon breasts. The above also applies 
to males of penciled varieties, especially as re- 
gards black breast, as splashed breasts on breed- 
ing males mean an inclination to lacings on fe- 
male young from such a sire; another indication 
of a broken law of infusion of blood foreign to 
kind. 
In penciled females avoid using those with ir- 
regular pencilings or those with bars across feath- 
ers. This shows poor selection as well as hap- 
hazard work in breeding. Such females incline 
to produce males with smutty hackles, shoulders, 
and saddles. In choosing breeding females of 
either penciled or stippled varieties, see that 
small feathers covering the entire under side of 
wings and small feathers inside of tail are accu- 
rately penciled or finely stippled according to 
breed. Some breeders choose their males by the 
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