THE BUCKTHORNS 29 
whayisl humors, and choller aboundantly, as also thicke clammie 
flegme: ... Of these berries are made three severall sorts of col- 
ours, as they shall be gathered; that is being gathered while they 
are greene and kept dry, are called Sappe-berries, which being 
steeped in some Allome water, or fresh bruised into Allome water, 
they give a reasonable faire yellow colour, which painters use for 
their workes, and Bookebinders to colour the edges of bookes, and 
leather dressers to colour leather, as they use also to make a greene 
colour called Sappe greene, taken from the berries when they are 
blacke, being bruised and put into « brasse or copper kettle, or pan ; 
and there suffered to abide three or foure dayes, or a little heated 
upon the fire, and some beaten Allome put unto them, and after 
pressed forth, the juyce or liquor is usually put up into great bladders, 
tyed with strong thred at the head, and hung up untill it be drye, 
which is dissolved in water or wine, but sacke is the best to preserve 
the colour from starving as they call it, that is from decaying and 
to make it hold fresh the longer: the third colour (whereof, none 
that I can finde hath made mention, but onely 77agus) is a purplish 
colour which is made of the berries suffered to grow upon the 
bushes, untill the middle or end of November, that they are ready 
to droppe from the trees.” 
Our second British species of Buckthorn, R. Frun- 
gulu, growing in wet places, side by side with the 
Alder, got the name of the Black or Berry-bearing 
Alder or Aller tree, though it has but very little in 
common with the true Alder and is far removed 
from it in true kinship. Once more we will quote 
Parkinson’s description :— 
“ Frangula sive Alnus nigra baccifera. The blacke Alder tree. 
“The blacke Aller or Alder tree, riseth seldome to be of any great 
bignesse, but for the most part abideth like a hedge bush or tree, 
spreading into branches, the wood of the body being white, and of 
a darke red at the core or heart, the outward barke being of a 
blackish colour, whereon many white spots are noted to be seene; 
but the inner barke next unto the wood is yellow, which being 
chewed will turne the spittle yellow, as much or more than Rubarbe, 
neare unto a Saffron colour, the leaves are somewhat like unto those 
of the ordinary Alder tree, or those of the female Cornell or Doze 
