CELEBES: A PROBLEM IN DISTRIBUTION 113 
has originated from an Oriental stock, and the occurrence 
of an allied species in the Philippines tends to show that 
these islands were connected at-no very remote epoch with 
Celebes. Now the Philippines themselves, as shown by 
their deer, have intimate relationships with Borneo, and 
thus with the mainland. 
The deer reported to occur in the island is a variety of 
the rusa of Java, and apparently identical with the form 
found in the Moluccas. It is generally considered to have 
been introduced, but as Celebes shows so many signs of 
affinity with the more western Malay islands in its animals, 
this does not by any means appear certain. Anyway, the 
Moluccan race may well have been exported from Celebes 
by the Malays. 
The next most noteworthy animals in the mammalian 
fauna of the island are two species of monkeys, both 
remarkable for their black colour. The first of these is 
the short-tailed black baboon, a species representing a 
genus by itself, but with relationships to the true baboons 
of Africa and South-West Asia. Such relationship, from a 
geographical point of view, might seem difficult to account 
for, and to those who neglect the animals of a past epoch 
it would appear well-nigh inexplicable. But it happens 
that extinct baboons occur in India; and as they doubtless 
also existed in other parts of the Oriental region, there 
is no difficulty in accounting for the origin of the Cele- 
besian representative of the group. The other species—the 
moor macaque—belongs to a widely spread Oriental genus. 
But the most curious of all the mammals of the island 
is a species of tarsier—small creatures with enormous 
goggle eyes, slender, lanky limbs, and toes terminating 
in suckers, distantly related to the lemurs. Now, these 
tarsiers are strictly limited to the islands of Sumatra, 
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