MUSK-OXEN IN ENGLAND 291 
the Greenland musk-ox is now regarded as representing 
a distinct local race. 
To discuss the affinities of the musk-ox on this occasion 
would obviously be out of place; but my readers may 
probably like to be informed of some of the reasons which 
preclude its being classed either with the oxen or with the 
sheep. As regards the horns, it will suffice to say that 
they are quite unlike those of either of the groups in 
question. From the oxen the animal is broadly dis- 
tinguished alike by the structure of its upper teeth and 
also by its hairy muzzle. But this broad and_ hairy 
muzzle, in which there is a narrow naked and granular 
area immediately above and between the nostrils, is equally 
unlike the narrow and short-haired muzzle of the sheep 
and goats. In the structure of its upper teeth, as well as 
in the presence of glands below the eyes and of only two 
mammae in the female, the musk-ox is, however, much 
more like the latter group. But these two latter features 
are of no great zoological importance, some sheep lacking 
face-glands, while one species of goat has four mammae ; 
and they in no wise serve to prove the existence of any 
close relationship between musk-oxen and sheep. It may 
be added that the aborted tail of the musk-ox separates 
it very widely from the oxen, in all of which this appendage 
is of great relative length ; but in this respect the animal 
comes closer to the sheep, nearly all the wild forms of 
which have short and stumpy tails. In the extremely 
late development of the horns (as attested by the survivor 
of the Woburn pair) the species seem to stand apart from 
both groups. 
Judging from the photographs in an account by Dr. Nathorst 
of the hunting of these animals, it would seem that in East 
Greenland musk-oxen are commonly found in small herds of 
