300 MOSTLY MAMMALS 
instance, in 1866, Prof. Dawkins wrote as follows: 
“The half-wild oxen of Chillingham Park, in Northumber- 
land, and other places in northern and central Britain, 
are probably the last surviving representatives of the 
gigantic urus of the Pleistocene period, reduced in size 
and modified in every respect by their small range and 
their contact with men.” 
When this was penned, it is only fair to state, the fact 
that the colour of the aurochs was black does not appear 
to have been known to the writer; neither was it then 
generally recognised that the park cattle (which are always 
white) are semi-albinoes. Such semi-albinism is always 
the result of domestication, as is mentioned in Bell’s 
“ British Quadrupeds,” and could not have arisen in the 
wild state. Moreover, the park cattle display evidence of 
their descent from dark-coloured breeds by the retention 
of red or black ears and brown or black muzzles. In the 
Chillingham cattle the ears are generally red, although 
sometimes (probably as the result of crossing) black, and 
the muzzle brown; while in the breed at Cadzow Park, 
Lanarkshire, both ears and muzzle are deep black, and 
there are usually flecks of black on the head and fore- 
quarters. It is further significant that, in the Chillingham 
herd at any rate, dark-coloured calves, which are weeded 
out by the keepers, make their appearance from time to 
time. 
Now, it is a remarkable fact that when the black Pem- 
broke breed of domesticated cattle tends to albinism, the 
ears and muzzle, and more rarely the fetlocks, remain 
completely black or very dark grey, although the colour 
elsewhere is whitish, more or less profusely flecked and 
blotched with pale grey. In the shape and curvature of 
the horns, which at first incline outwards and forwards, 
