THE WILD OX OF EUROPE 301 
and then bend somewhat upwards and inwards, this breed 
of cattle, which is known to be of great antiquity, resem- 
bles both the gigantic aurochs and the (by comparison) 
dwarfed park breeds. Moreover, in both the Pembroke 
and the park breeds the horns are light-coloured with 
black tips. 
Important evidence as to the close affinity between these 
two breeds is furnished by Low, in his ‘ Domesticated 
Animals of the British Islands.” It is there stated that a 
breed of cattle very similar to that at :Chillingham was 
found in Wales in the tenth century, these cattle being 
white with red ears. ‘‘The individuals of this race yet 
existing in Wales are found chiefly in the county of 
Pembroke, where they have been kept by some individuals 
perfectly pure as a part of their regular farm-stock. Until 
a period comparatively recent, they were relatively 
numerous, and persons are yet living who remember when 
they were driven in droves to the pasturages of the Severn 
and the neighbouring markets. Their whole essential 
characters are the same as those (of the cattle) at Chil- 
lingham and Chartley Park and elsewhere. Their horns 
are white, tipped with black, and extended and turned 
upwards in the manner distinctive of the wild breed. 
The inside of the ears and the muzzle are black, and 
their feet are black to the fetlock-joint. Their skin is 
unctuous and of a deep-toned yellow colour. Individuals 
of the race are sometimes born entirely black, and then 
they are not to be distinguished from the common cattle 
of the mountains.” 
It is thus evident that the white park cattle are a 
specialised offshoot from the ancient Pembroke black breed, 
which, as Low mentions in a later passage, from their 
soft and well-haired skins, are evidently natives of a humid 
